The red sea cucumber, Parastichopus tremulus, a cold water species with commercial potential, has recently attracted attention for wild harvest as well as for potential use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture in Scandinavian countries. Overharvesting has put natural stocks of sea cucumbers at risk in several countries. Our goal was to develop a rearing protocol for P. tremulus to enable sustainable production of this species. This study presents results from spawning and larval rearing conducted in both Norway (NO) and Sweden (SWE) during May–August 2019. We describe spawning induction and behavior, fertilization success, embryonic and auricularia larval development rate for this species under laboratory conditions. The larvae were fed a mixture of three species of live microalgae (SWE) and algal paste (NO). Larval development rate and survival were monitored at four different temperatures (7, 10, 13, and 16°C). Results showed faster development with increasing temperature. Daily food consumption rate was highest at the highest temperature. The combined effects of temperature and food availability on survival were investigated for the same four temperatures and three different feed concentrations. Only food availability affected the mortality rate, with the highest mortality in the low feeding regime of 1,000–2,000 cells ml⁻¹ day⁻¹.

中文翻译：

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海参Parastichopus tremulus的受控产卵和饲养

红海参Parastichopus tremulus是一种具有商业潜力的冷水品种，最近在斯堪的纳维亚国家的野外收获和综合多营养水产养殖中的潜在用途引起了人们的关注。在几个国家，过度捕捞已经使海参的自然种群处于危险之中。我们的目标是为P. tremulus制定饲养方案以实现该物种的可持续生产。本研究介绍了 2019 年 5 月至 8 月在挪威 (NO) 和瑞典 (SWE) 进行的产卵和幼虫饲养结果。我们描述了该物种在实验室条件下的产卵诱导和行为、受精成功率、胚胎和木耳幼虫发育率。给幼虫喂食三种活微藻 (SWE) 和藻糊 (NO) 的混合物。在四种不同的温度（7、10、13 和 16°C）下监测幼虫发育率和存活率。结果表明随着温度的升高发展更快。每日食物消耗率在最高温度时最高。在相同的四种温度和三种不同的饲料浓度下，研究了温度和食物可用性对生存的综合影响。^-1 天^-1。