Protest emerges in different forms in different countries. A strategy is presented here to deal with country-specific forms of protest by developing equivalent instead of identical measures in 13 advanced democracies around the world. The main substantive results show, first, a clear distinction between direct forms of protest and organizational actions. Yet the specific compositions of these two modes differ between countries. Second, common cross-national subsets of items comprising only three forms for direct actions (demonstrating, petitioning, boycotting) and also for organizational protest (humanitarian/charitable, self-help, consumer organizations). Third, several forms of protest can be used as country-specific expansions of the common three-item sets. Apparently, constructing equivalent instead of identical measures for protest is most important for the detection of relatively small sets of common cross-national indicators and for the accompanying disclosure of country-specific forms of protest. Due to the small percentages of protesters, applying equivalent measures and identical measures of protest largely produces the same results for the positioning of countries from a cross-national perspective.

抗议在不同的国家以不同的形式出现。这里提出了一种策略，通过在全球 13 个先进民主国家制定等效而不是相同的措施来应对特定国家形式的抗议。主要的实质性结果表明，首先，抗议的直接形式和组织行动之间有明显的区别。然而，这两种模式的具体构成因国家而异。其次，常见的跨国项目子集仅包括直接行动（示威、请愿、抵制）和组织抗议（人道主义/慈善、自助、消费者组织）三种形式。第三，几种形式的抗议可以用作常见三项集的特定国家扩展。显然，构建等效而不是相同的抗议措施对于检测相对较小的通用跨国指标集以及随之而来的特定国家抗议形式的披露最为重要。由于抗议者的比例很小，应用同等措施和相同措施的抗议在很大程度上产生了从跨国角度对国家定位的相同结果。