During the last century, industrialization has grown very fast and as a result heavy metals have contaminated many water sources. Due to their high toxicity, these pollutants are hazardous for humans, fish, and aquatic flora. Traditional techniques for their removal are adsorption, electro-dialysis, precipitation, and ion exchange, but they all present various drawbacks. Membrane technology represents an exciting alternative to the traditional ones characterized by high efficiency, low energy consumption and waste production, mild operating conditions, and easy scale-up. In this review, the attention has been focused on applying driven-pressure membrane processes for heavy metal removal, highlighting each of the positive and negative aspects. Advantages and disadvantages, and recent progress on the production of nanocomposite membranes and electrospun nanofiber membranes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been reported and critically discussed. Finally, future prospective research activities and the key steps required to make their use effective on an industrial scale have been presented

中文翻译：

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一种基于膜的重金属去除环境修复方法

上个世纪，工业化发展非常迅速，重金属污染了许多水源。由于它们的高毒性，这些污染物对人类、鱼类和水生植物有害。传统的去除技术是吸附、电渗析、沉淀和离子交换，但它们都存在各种缺点。膜技术是传统技术的一种令人兴奋的替代方案，其特点是效率高、能耗低、废物产生量低、操作条件温和且易于扩大规模。在这篇综述中，注意力集中在应用驱动压力膜工艺去除重金属上，突出了每一个积极和消极的方面。的优点和缺点，用于吸附重金属离子的纳米复合膜和电纺纳米纤维膜的生产的最新进展也有报道和批判性讨论。最后，介绍了未来的前瞻性研究活动以及使其在工业规模上有效使用所需的关键步骤