This article presents a power efficient 24–28-GHz four-element phased-array transceiver (TRX) front end (FE) for 5-G base stations and user equipment communications. A power efficient hybrid quadrature vector interpolation-based phase-shifting architecture is proposed to increase the TX and RX power efficiency and phase resolution. A transformer-based embedded T/R switch is proposed which minimizes TX and RX losses to ensure high TX output power and power efficiency while maintaining a low noise figure (NF) and extremely compact chip area. The 24–28-GHz four-element TRX FE is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process (1P9M) for large-scale phased-array applications. The TX and RX paths achieve 0.8° phase resolution with <0.47°/0.17-dB RMS phase/gain error as well as 24-dB gain control range with 0.75-dB gain step and <0.1°/0.4-dB RMS gain/phase error over 24–30 GHz. The full TX path (including splitter and T/R switch) also achieves a measured 16.6-/18.9-dBm OP1dB/ $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ with 21.1%/16.6% PAE _peak /OP1dB for each FE element while maintaining a minimum 4.4-dB NF in the full RX path (including combiner, T/R switch, and OFF-mode PA) at 28 GHz. Under the 64-/256-QAM modulation measurements, the full TX path achieves a state-of-the-art average output power of 13.5-/10.2-dBm per element (8.4%/3.5% full TX path PAE) with −26.4/−30.8 dB EVM and 27.8-/30.1-dB ACLR at 28 GHz, making the proposed TRX FE can be effectively deployed in both base stations and user equipment for 5-G communications. The chip size of the four-element TRX FE excluding I/O pads is only $3.4\times1.1$ mm ² .

中文翻译：

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具有 21.1%/16.6% 发射器峰值/OP1dB PAE 和次度相位分辨率的 24–28 GHz 四元件相控阵收发器前端，支持 256-QAM 中的 2.4 Gb/s 用于 5-G 通信

本文介绍了一种用于 5G 基站和用户设备通信的高能效 24–28GHz 四元件相控阵收发器 (TRX) 前端 (FE)。提出了一种功率高效的基于混合正交矢量插值的相移架构，以提高 TX 和 RX 功率效率和相位分辨率。提出了一种基于变压器的嵌入式 T/R 开关，可最大限度地减少 TX 和 RX 损耗，以确保高 TX 输出功率和电源效率，同时保持低噪声系数 (NF) 和极其紧凑的芯片面积。24–28 GHz 四元件 TRX FE 采用 65 纳米 CMOS 工艺 (1P9M) 实现，适用于大规模相控阵应用。TX 和 RX 路径实现了 0.8° 相位分辨率和 <0.47°/0.17-dB RMS 相位/增益误差以及 24-dB 增益控制范围和 0.75-dB 增益步长和 <0.1°/0。24–30 GHz 范围内的 4 dB RMS 增益/相位误差。完整的 TX 路径（包括分路器和 T/R 开关）也实现了 16.6-/18.9-dBm OP1dB/ $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ 每个 FE 元件具有 21.1%/16.6% PAE _峰值/OP1dB，同时在 28 GHz 的完整 RX 路径（包括组合器、T/R 开关和关闭模式 PA）中保持最小 4.4-dB NF。在 64-/256-QAM 调制测量下，完整的 TX 路径实现了每元件 13.5-/10.2-dBm（8.4%/3.5% 完整 TX 路径 PAE）的最先进平均输出功率，-26.4 /−30.8 dB EVM 和 27.8-/30.1-dB ACLR 在 28 GHz，使得提议的 TRX FE 可以有效地部署在基站和用户设备中，用于 5-G 通信。不包括 I/O pads 的四元件 TRX FE 的芯片尺寸仅为 $3.4\times1.1$ 毫米 ² 。