Monopiles supporting offshore wind turbines are generally of relatively low slenderness ratio and are subjected to lateral loads that emanate from high above the seabed at an eccentricity that in most cases exceeds the embedded length of the pile. The rotational stiffness is a critical aspect of their design, owing to tight tolerances on the cumulative rotation that is permitted by industry guidelines. From a practical perspective, most design calculations for the lateral response are performed using load transfer analysis. However, the low slenderness ratio and high moment loading relative to the horizontal load have prompted closer scrutiny of the load transfer formulations that have been used historically in the offshore oil and gas industry, since these were calibrated from the response of much longer piles under very different loading conditions. Recent industry-led studies have led to new recommendations, including the addition of lateral and rotational springs at the pile base and rotational load transfer springs distributed down the pile shaft. As a first step to evaluate the initial stiffness of such springs, this paper presents results from three-dimensional finite element analyses of a homogenous elastic soil, with the aim of relating values of spring stiffness to the elastic shear modulus of the soil. Effects of non-uniform soil stiffness are discussed and the gradually increasing benefits of including the additional spring terms are quantified.

支撑海上风力涡轮机的单桩通常具有相对较低的长细比，并且承受从海床上方以偏心距发出的横向载荷，在大多数情况下，偏心距超过了桩的嵌入长度。由于行业准则允许的累积旋转的严格公差，旋转刚度是其设计的一个关键方面。从实用的角度来看，大多数横向响应的设计计算都是使用载荷传递分析进行的。然而，相对于水平载荷的低长细比和高力矩载荷促使对海上石油和天然气行业历史上使用的载荷传递公式进行更仔细的审查，因为这些是根据更长的桩在非常不同的负载条件下的响应进行校准的。最近由行业主导的研究提出了新的建议，包括在桩基处增加横向和旋转弹簧以及沿桩轴分布的旋转载荷传递弹簧。作为评估此类弹簧初始刚度的第一步，本文介绍了均质弹性土壤的三维有限元分析结果，目的是将弹簧刚度值与土壤的弹性剪切模量相关联。讨论了非均匀土壤刚度的影响，并量化了包括附加弹簧项的逐渐增加的好处。包括在桩基处增加横向和旋转弹簧以及沿桩轴分布的旋转载荷传递弹簧。作为评估此类弹簧初始刚度的第一步，本文介绍了均质弹性土壤的三维有限元分析结果，目的是将弹簧刚度值与土壤的弹性剪切模量相关联。讨论了非均匀土壤刚度的影响，并量化了包括附加弹簧项的逐渐增加的好处。包括在桩基处增加横向和旋转弹簧以及沿桩轴分布的旋转载荷传递弹簧。作为评估此类弹簧初始刚度的第一步，本文介绍了均质弹性土壤的三维有限元分析结果，目的是将弹簧刚度值与土壤的弹性剪切模量相关联。讨论了非均匀土壤刚度的影响，并量化了包括附加弹簧项的逐渐增加的好处。目的是将弹簧刚度值与土壤的弹性剪切模量相关联。讨论了非均匀土壤刚度的影响，并量化了包括附加弹簧项的逐渐增加的好处。目的是将弹簧刚度值与土壤的弹性剪切模量相关联。讨论了非均匀土壤刚度的影响，并量化了包括附加弹簧项的逐渐增加的好处。