MicroRNA (miRNA; miR) is a functionally small non-coding RNA and can negatively regulate gene expression by directly binding to the target gene. Some miRNAs are closely involved in the development and progression of cancer and are abnormally expressed in many cancer types. Therefore, control of the expression of cancer-associated miRNAs is expected as a next-generation drug modality to treat advanced types of cancers with high unmet medical needs. Indeed, miRNA therapeutics, which are based on the functional inhibition of oncogenic miRNA (OncomiR) using antisense oligonucleotides (anti-miR) and the replacement via the introduction of a synthetic miRNA mimic for tumor suppressive miRNA (TS-miR), have been developed. In this review, we summarize cancer-associated miRNAs related to various cancer pathologies and their clinical application to miRNA therapeutics for cancer.

MicroRNA（miRNA；miR）是一种功能性小的非编码RNA，可以通过与靶基因直接结合来负调控基因表达。一些miRNA与癌症的发生发展密切相关，并在许多癌症类型中异常表达。因此，控制癌症相关 miRNA 的表达有望成为治疗具有高度未满足医疗需求的晚期癌症的下一代药物方式。事实上，基于使用反义寡核苷酸 (anti-miR) 对致癌 miRNA (OncomiR) 的功能性抑制和通过已经开发了用于肿瘤抑制性 miRNA (TS-miR) 的合成 miRNA 模拟物的引入。在这篇综述中，我们总结了与各种癌症病理相关的癌症相关 miRNA 及其在癌症 miRNA 治疗中的临床应用。