This review is devoted to synthetic biology. In this field, molecular biology methods and techniques are applied to develop a predetermined cell behavior based on theoretically constructed regulatory networks using engineering approaches. A cell can be considered the device that performs several types of basic functions. These are sensory, information processing, and response formation functions. Endogenous and exogenous physical or chemical factors that trigger information processing cascades are input signals. These include signaling and metabolic pathways. As a rule, changes in these pathways lead to the modification of the transcriptional profile. The response includes alterations in the metabolic profile followed by physiological changes. Taking this into account, a cell and a computer can be considered analogs. Therefore, the principles of engineering can be applied to natural biological systems in general and genetic circuits in particular. In addition to the main areas of synthetic biology, as well as their principles and methods, specific examples of the application of the synthetic biology approach in medicine and other fields were discussed.

这篇综述专门针对合成生物学。在该领域中，分子生物学方法和技术被应用于使用工程方法基于理论构建的调节网络来开发预定的细胞行为。一个单元可以被认为是执行几种基本功能的设备。这些是感觉、信息处理和反应形成功能。触发信息处理级联的内源性和外源性物理或化学因素是输入信号。这些包括信号和代谢途径。通常，这些途径的变化会导致转录谱的改变。反应包括代谢特征的改变，随后是生理变化。考虑到这一点，细胞和计算机可以被视为类似物。所以，工程原理可以应用于一般的自然生物系统，特别是遗传电路。除了合成生物学的主要领域及其原理和方法外，还讨论了合成生物学方法在医学和其他领域应用的具体例子。