Statement of problem

Durable titanium-porcelain bonding is challenging because of the formation of a thick oxide layer on the surface during porcelain firing.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate how atomic layer deposition (ALD) of different oxide coatings affected titanium-porcelain bonding and failure types.

Material and methods

Forty-four airborne-particle abraded Type-2 titanium specimens were coated by ALD with either SiO₂, TiO₂, or ZrO₂ (n=11) at a thickness of 30 nm, whereas control specimens were left uncoated (n=11) (airborne-particle abraded only). The surface roughness of the specimens was analyzed with a profilometer before applying porcelain (Vita Titankeramic). Titanium-porcelain bonding was analyzed by using a 3-point bend test. Surface properties and titanium-porcelain interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and failure types were evaluated by using a stereomicroscope. Surface roughness and bond strength data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Failure type data were analyzed by the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test (α=.05).

Results

All nanocoatings increased surface roughness values, but only TiO₂ and ZrO₂ coatings showed statistically significant higher roughness than the control surfaces (P<.001). Specimens coated with SiO₂ (28.59 ±4.37 MPa) and TiO₂ (26.86 ±3.66 MPa) presented significantly higher bonding strength than control (22.04 ±4.59 MPa) specimens (P<.01). Fracture types of different groups were not statistically different (P>.05).

Conclusions

Nanocoating titanium surfaces with SiO₂ and TiO₂ by using the ALD technique significantly improved titanium-porcelain bonding.

中文翻译：

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SiO2、TiO2和ZrO2纳米涂层对钛瓷结合的影响

问题陈述

由于在瓷器烧制过程中会在表面形成一层厚厚的氧化层，因此持久的钛瓷结合具有挑战性。

目的

这项体外研究的目的是评估不同氧化物涂层的原子层沉积 (ALD) 如何影响钛瓷结合和失效类型。

材料与方法

44 个经空气颗粒磨损的 Type-2 钛样品通过 ALD 涂覆有 SiO ₂、TiO ₂或 ZrO ₂(n=11) 的厚度为 30 nm，而对照样品没有涂层 (n=11)（仅磨损空气颗粒）。在应用瓷器（Vita Titankeramic）之前，用轮廓仪分析样品的表面粗糙度。通过使用三点弯曲试验来分析钛-瓷结合。在扫描电子显微镜下结合能量色散光谱检查表面特性和钛瓷界面，并使用立体显微镜评估失效类型。通过单向方差分析和 Tukey HSD 测试分析表面粗糙度和粘合强度数据。失效类型数据通过 Fisher-Freeman-Halton 精确检验 (α=.05) 进行分析。

结果

所有纳米涂层都增加了表面粗糙度值，但只有 TiO ₂和 ZrO ₂涂层显示出统计学上显着高于对照表面的粗糙度 ( P <.001)。涂有SiO ₂ (28.59 ±4.37 MPa) 和TiO ₂ (26.86 ±3.66 MPa) 的试样比对照(22.04 ±4.59 MPa) 试样具有显着更高的结合强度( P <.01)。不同组骨折类型差异无统计学意义（P >.05）。

结论

通过使用 ALD 技术用 SiO ₂和 TiO ₂纳米涂层钛表面显着改善了钛瓷结合。