Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which has distinct clinical, radiological and pathological features, but also has some overlap with multiple sclerosis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease. Early recognition of NMOSD is important because of differing responses to both acute and preventive therapy. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proved essential in this process. Key MR imaging clues to the diagnosis of NMOSD are longitudinally extensive lesions of the optic nerve (more than half the length) and spinal cord (three or more vertebral segments), bilateral optic nerve lesions and lesions of the optic chiasm, area postrema, floor of the IV ventricle, periaqueductal grey matter, hypothalamus and walls of the III ventricle. Other NMOSD-specific lesions are denoted by their unique morphology: heterogeneous lesions of the corpus callosum, ‘cloud-like’ gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing white matter lesions and ‘bright spotty’ lesions of the spinal cord. Other lesions described in NMOSD, including linear periventricular peri-ependymal lesions and patch subcortical white matter lesions, may be less specific. The use of advanced MR imaging techniques is yielding further useful information regarding focal degeneration of the thalamus and optic radiation in NMOSD and suggests that paramagnetic rim patterns and changes in normal appearing white matter are specific to MS. MR imaging is crucial in the early recognition of NMOSD and in directing testing for AQP4 antibodies and guiding immediate acute treatment decisions. Increasingly, MR imaging is playing a role in diagnosing seronegative cases of NMOSD.

中文翻译：

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视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍的磁共振成像

视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍 (NMOSD) 是一种与水通道蛋白 4 (AQP4) 抗体相关的中枢神经系统 (CNS) 炎症性疾病，具有独特的临床、放射学和病理学特征，但也与多发性硬化症和髓磷脂有一定重叠少突胶质细胞糖蛋白 (MOG) 抗体相关疾病。早期识别 NMOSD 很重要，因为对急性治疗和预防性治疗的反应不同。事实证明，磁共振 (MR) 成像在此过程中必不可少。诊断 NMOSD 的关键 MR 成像线索是视神经（长度的一半以上）和脊髓（三个或更多椎节段）的纵向广泛病变、双侧视神经病变和视交叉病变、后区、地板IV 脑室，导水管周围灰质，下丘脑和 III 脑室壁。其他 NMOSD 特异性病变由其独特的形态表示：胼胝体的异质性病变、“云状”钆 (Gd) 增强的白质病变和脊髓的“亮点”病变。NMOSD 中描述的其他病变，包括线性脑室周围室管膜周围病变和皮层下白质斑片病变，可能不太具体。先进的 MR 成像技术的使用正在产生有关 NMOSD 中丘脑局灶性退化和视辐射的更多有用信息，并表明顺磁边缘模式和正常出现的白质的变化是 MS 特有的。MR 成像对于 NMOSD 的早期识别以及指导 AQP4 抗体检测和指导即时急性治疗决策至关重要。日益，