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Design and evaluation of the SMApp: A stiffness measurement apparatus for ankle–foot orthoses
Mechatronics ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-03 , DOI: 10.1016/j.mechatronics.2021.102572
Deema Totah , Meghna Menon , Deanna H. Gates , Kira Barton

Ankle–foot orthoses (AFOs) are braces worn by individuals with gait impairments to support ankle motion. AFO rotational stiffness is a key mechanical property that affects gait biomechanics. However, it is unclear how design choices affect AFO stiffness and what specific stiffness ranges impact gait. This stems largely from the absence of commercial devices or established guidelines for measuring AFO stiffness. This paper details the design of the AFO Stiffness Measurement Apparatus (SMApp). The SMApp is a non-destructive, automated system that measures torque and angle as an AFO is moved through a range of motion at a set speed. Using the derived torque–angle curve, we can calculate rotational stiffness, neutral angle and hysteresis of any AFO for speeds up to 37 deg/s. The repeatability of the SMApp was evaluated between and within two operators and three testing sessions using three AFOs cycled 10 times through flexion and extension. We also measured the stiffness of three different AFOs with the SMApp and another published system in a comparative case study. The SMApp had excellent reliability with high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 0.97) for all measured AFO properties. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable difference (MDD) were comparable to published parameters from other devices for stiffness (SEM ¡ 0.32 N m/°, MDD ¡ 0.88 N m/°) and neutral angle (SEM ¡ 0.30°, MDD ¡ 0.84°). In comparison to a previously described, reliable manual stiffness measurement device, the SMApp measurements had similar stiffness, but different neutral angle values for one of three AFOs. The SMApp can be utilized in future studies for AFO material fatigue testing, to validate finite element models, and to evaluate speed effects on AFO properties.



中文翻译:

SMApp 的设计和评估:一种用于踝足矫形器的刚度测量装置

踝足矫形器 (AFO) 是步态障碍者佩戴的支撑脚踝运动的支具。AFO 旋转刚度是影响步态生物力学的关键机械特性。然而,尚不清楚设计选择如何影响 AFO 刚度以及哪些特定的刚度范围会影响步态。这主要源于缺乏商业设备或用于测量 AFO 刚度的既定指南。本文详细介绍了 AFO 刚度测量仪 (SMApp) 的设计。SMApp 是一种非破坏性的自动化系统,可在 AFO 以设定速度通过一系列运动时测量扭矩和角度。使用导出的扭矩-角度曲线,我们可以计算速度高达 37 度/秒的任何 AFO 的旋转刚度、中性角和滞后。SMApp 的可重复性在两个操作员和三个测试阶段之间和内部进行评估,使用三个 AFO 通过屈曲和伸展循环 10 次。在比较案例研究中,我们还使用 SMApp 和另一个已发布的系统测量了三种不同 AFO 的刚度。SMApp 具有出色的可靠性和高组内相关系数 (ICC0.97) 用于所有测量的 AFO 属性。测量标准误差 (SEM) 和最小可检测差异 (MDD) 与其他设备公布的刚度 (SEM ¡ 0.32 N m/°, MDD ¡ 0.88 N m/°) 和中性角 (SEM ¡ 0.30°) 参数相当, MDD ¡ 0.84°)。与之前描述的可靠的手动刚度测量设备相比,SMApp 测量具有相似的刚度,但三个 AFO 之一的中性角值不同。SMApp 可用于 AFO 材料疲劳测试的未来研究、验证有限元模型以及评估速度对 AFO 特性的影响。

更新日期:2021-06-03
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