Using three definitions of the middle class (MC) and the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement surveys from 2004 to 2014, we estimated the size of the MC and examined the correlates and consumption patterns of the MC for Pakistan. According to the absolute income, relative income and asset–ownership definitions, the MC grew by 16%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, from 2004 to 2014. The results of the biprobit model showed that the probability of entering the MC was associated with higher education, urban residence and non-agricultural employment. Additionally, the MC was associated with greater consumption of ordinary and luxury goods.

中文翻译：

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中产阶级的规模、相关性和消费模式：来自巴基斯坦的证据

使用中产阶级 (MC) 的三个定义和 2004 年至 2014 年的巴基斯坦社会和生活标准测量调查，我们估计了中产阶级的规模并检查了巴基斯坦中产阶级的相关性和消费模式。根据绝对收入、相对收入和资产所有权定义，2004-2014年MC分别增长了16%、8%和10%。biprobit模型的结果表明，进入MC的概率为与高等教育、城市居住和非农就业相关。此外，MC 与更多的普通和奢侈品消费有关。