Understanding of indentation rock damage and breakage under confining stress is necessary for underground engineering applications, as both loading rate and in-situ stress can affect the failure behaviour and mechanism. A triaxial apparatus capable of both static lateral confinement and dynamic loading is utilised to experimentally investigate the influence of both loading rate and confinement on rock indentation failure. The force-displacement relationships and energy evolution were determined for different dynamic loading and confinement conditions, while digital reconstruction of indented rock samples was achieved for crater depth and damage volume measurements. The failure mechanisms at microscale are studied using the optical microscopy and Synchrotron-based X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). The relationship between the incident energy and indentation force is correlated with the crater depth and volume of rock removed. The crater depth increases linearly with increasing force and incident energy, while the volume increases exponentially. The biaxial confinement controls the propagation of radial cracks, which propagates in the direction of major confining stress, while impact velocity dominates the crater depth and lateral crack formation beneath the crater. The formation of chipping during indentation is reflected on both the force-displacement relationships and X-ray CT measurements. Different minerals within the rock also affect the propagation and coalescence of cracks, harder mineral such as quartz has better resistance to crushing, whereas biotite deflects and terminates cracks.

了解压痕岩石在围压下的损伤和破裂对于地下工程应用是必要的，因为加载速率和地应力都会影响破坏行为和机制。利用能够同时进行静态横向约束和动态加载的三轴装置，通过实验研究加载速率和约束对岩石压痕破坏的影响。针对不同的动态载荷和约束条件确定了力-位移关系和能量演化，同时实现了凹坑深度和损伤体积测量的锯齿状岩石样品的数字重建。使用光学显微镜研究微观尺度的失效机制和基于同步加速器的 X 射线计算机断层扫描 (CT)。入射能量和压痕力之间的关系与陨石坑深度和移除的岩石体积相关。陨石坑深度随着力和入射能量的增加而线性增加，而体积则呈指数增加。双轴约束控制径向裂纹的传播，径向裂纹沿主要围压方向传播，而冲击速度控制着火山口深度和横向裂纹火山口下方的地层。压痕过程中碎屑的形成反映在力-位移关系和 X 射线 CT 测量上。岩石中不同的矿物也会影响裂缝的扩展和聚结，较硬的矿物如石英具有更好的抗压性，而黑云母则偏转并终止裂缝。