Tie bars axial force demands due to concrete dilation and prying action were investigated through numerical studies. In the first part of this study, the Karagozian and Case Concrete model, which proved to provide reasonable in-plane flexural cyclic inelastic wall response while accounting for concrete dilation effect, was used to investigate the variation of confinement inside the infill concrete, the distribution of passive confining pressures at the steel–concrete interface, and the resulting tie bar axial force demands. Finite element analyses involving C-PSW/CF having different tie spacings, wall depths, and wall thicknesses were performed. In the second part of this study, the influence of plate local buckling on tie bar axial force demand was investigated and explained by prying action. A separate finite element study was performed to investigate the significance of prying action and equations were developed from free-body diagrams. The results showed the significance of the passive confining pressures due to concrete dilation, and prying action due to local plate buckling, on imparting axial forces in tie bars. Neither of these behavior are currently considered as design parameters for tie bars. The numerical analyses and results presented here are intended to provide useful insights and direction for the design and instrumentation of future C-PSW/CF experiments by the broader research community.

通过数值研究调查了由于混凝土膨胀和撬动作用引起的拉杆轴向力需求。在本研究的第一部分，Karagozian 和 Case Concrete 模型被证明可以提供合理的平面内弯曲循环非弹性墙响应，同时考虑混凝土膨胀效应，用于研究填充混凝土内部的约束变化，分布钢-混凝土界面处的被动围压，以及由此产生的拉杆轴向力需求。进行了涉及 C-PSW/CF 的有限元分析，它们具有不同的拉杆间距、壁深和壁厚。在本研究的第二部分，板局部屈曲对拉杆轴力需求的影响通过撬动作用进行了研究和解释。进行了单独的有限元研究以研究撬动作用的重要性，并从自由体图开发出方程。结果表明，由于混凝土膨胀引起的被动围压和由于局部板屈曲引起的撬动作用对在拉杆中施加轴向力具有重要意义。这些行为目前均不被视为拉杆的设计参数。此处介绍的数值分析和结果旨在为更广泛的研究界未来 C-PSW/CF 实验的设计和仪器提供有用的见解和方向。关于在拉杆中施加轴向力。这些行为目前均不被视为拉杆的设计参数。此处介绍的数值分析和结果旨在为更广泛的研究界未来 C-PSW/CF 实验的设计和仪器提供有用的见解和方向。关于在拉杆中施加轴向力。这些行为目前均不被视为拉杆的设计参数。此处介绍的数值分析和结果旨在为更广泛的研究界未来 C-PSW/CF 实验的设计和仪器提供有用的见解和方向。