Abstract

Background: Although some studies have shown impairments in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) and in smokers, it is unclear how these two factors work together. Our premise was that chronic smoking affects color discrimination and this is more pronounced in BPD. Objective: Our main purpose was to investigate the influence of smoking and BPD on color discrimination. Methods: Twenty-three smokers and 23 BPD smokers patients, aged 25–45 years old, participated in this study. Color vision testing was performed using the Trivector subtest of the Cambridge Colour Test. Participants’ task was to indicate the pseudoisochromatic stimulus in four directions (up, down, right, and left). Results: It was shown that the smokers had better color vision than BPD smokers for the Protan (p < .001), Deutan (p < .001), and Tritan (p < .001) (red, green, and blue, respectively) axes. Thus, the BPD smokers’ group had greater difficulty distinguishing the chromaticity variations (i.e., presented diffuse color vision impairments and not specific to any axis). Conclusions: The present study highlights a possible relationship between smoking and BPD in color discrimination. This highlights the importance of understanding the diffuse effects of this relationship.

摘要

背景：虽然一些研究表明双相情感障碍 (BPD) 患者和吸烟者存在障碍，但尚不清楚这两个因素如何协同作用。我们的前提是长期吸烟会影响颜色歧视，这在 BPD 中更为明显。目的：我们的主要目的是调查吸烟和 BPD 对颜色辨别的影响。方法： 23 名吸烟者和 23 名 BPD 吸烟患者，年龄在 25-45 岁，参加了这项研究。使用剑桥颜色测试的三向量子测试进行色觉测试。参与者的任务是在四个方向（上、下、右和左）指示伪等色刺激。结果：结果表明，对于 Protan ( p < .001)、Deutan ( p < .001) 和 Tritan ( p < .001)（分别为红色、绿色和蓝色）轴，吸烟者的色觉优于 BPD 吸烟者. 因此，BPD 吸烟者组更难区分色度变化（即，呈现出弥漫性色觉障碍，而不是特定于任何轴）。结论：本研究强调了吸烟与 BPD 在颜色歧视中可能存在的关系。这突出了理解这种关系的扩散效应的重要性。