Colorectal cancer has served as a genetic and biological paradigm for the evolution of solid tumors, and these insights have illuminated early detection, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment principles. Employing the hallmarks of cancer framework, we provide a conceptual framework to understand how genetic alterations in colorectal cancer drive cancer cell biology properties and shape the heterotypic interactions across cells in the tumor microenvironment. This review details research advances pertaining to the genetics and biology of colorectal cancer, emerging concepts gleaned from immune and single-cell profiling, and critical advances and remaining knowledge gaps influencing the development of effective therapies for this cancer that remains a major public health burden.

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结直肠癌的遗传和生物学特征

结直肠癌已成为实体瘤进化的遗传和生物学范式，这些见解阐明了早期检测、风险分层、预防和治疗原则。利用癌症框架的特征，我们提供了一个概念框架，以了解结直肠癌中的遗传改变如何驱动癌细胞生物学特性并塑造肿瘤微环境中细胞间的异型相互作用。本综述详细介绍了与结直肠癌遗传学和生物学相关的研究进展、从免疫和单细胞分析中收集到的新兴概念，以及影响该癌症有效疗法开发的关键进展和剩余知识差距，该癌症仍然是一个主要的公共卫生负担。