We evaluate changes in proximity (in terms of walkability) to essential services in the city region of Gothenburg, Sweden, 1994–2014, when sustainability policy goals were set to promote urban densification and non-motorized mobility. Simultaneously, public services were deregulated, reducing political capacity to control their accessibility. Considering this tension and welfare regime theory, we investigate to what extent typically regulated and deregulated services (libraries, pharmacies, primary schools, and grocery stores) have come closer to the population in areas of different densities and centralities. We draw on unique micro-level data comprising the detailed locations of population and services analyzed using decomposition. Results indicate that services the most (libraries) and least (grocery stores) controlled by public policy decreased in proximity. In contrast, recently deregulated services (pharmacies and primary schools) became more accessible by foot due to disruptive market change. While population relocation reduced the proportion of people living near the services, the changing geography of amenities was a more important driver of proximity change. We argue that sustainability goals to realize proximity have far-reaching repercussions for urban governance, emphasizing the need to assess proximity changes at detailed scale levels.

我们评估了 1994 年至 2014 年瑞典哥德堡城市地区与基本服务的邻近性（就步行性而言）的变化，当时制定了可持续发展政策目标以促进城市密集化和非机动交通。同时，公共服务被放松管制，降低了控制其可及性的政治能力。考虑到这种紧张和福利制度理论，我们调查了在不同密度和中心地区，通常受管制和放松管制的服务（图书馆、药房、小学和杂货店）在多大程度上更接近人口。我们利用独特的微观数据，包括使用分解分析的人口和服务的详细位置。结果表明，受公共政策控制的最多（图书馆）和最少（杂货店）的服务在附近减少。相比之下，由于破坏性的市场变化，最近解除管制的服务（药房和小学）变得更容易步行。虽然人口迁移减少了居住在服务附近的人口比例，但便利设施的地理变化是邻近变化的一个更重要的驱动因素。我们认为，实现邻近的可持续性目标对城市治理具有深远的影响，强调需要在详细的尺度水平上评估邻近的变化。虽然人口迁移减少了居住在服务附近的人口比例，但便利设施的地理变化是邻近变化的一个更重要的驱动因素。我们认为，实现邻近的可持续性目标对城市治理具有深远的影响，强调需要在详细的尺度水平上评估邻近的变化。虽然人口迁移减少了居住在服务附近的人口比例，但便利设施的地理变化是邻近变化的一个更重要的驱动因素。我们认为，实现邻近的可持续性目标对城市治理具有深远的影响，强调需要在详细的尺度水平上评估邻近的变化。