The human olfactory system remains one of the most challenging biological systems to replicate. Humans use it without thinking, where it can measure offer protection from harm and bring enjoyment in equal measure. It is the system’s real-time ability to detect and analyze complex odors that makes it difficult to replicate. The field of artificial olfaction has recruited and stimulated interdisciplinary research and commercial development for several applications that include malodor measurement, medical diagnostics, food and beverage quality, environment and security. Over the last century, innovative engineers and scientists have been focused on solving a range of problems associated with measurement and control of odor. The IEEE Sensors Journal has published Special Issues on olfaction in 2002 and 2012. Here we continue that coverage. In this article, we summarize early work in the $20^{{\mathrm {th}}}$ Century that served as the foundation upon which we have been building our odor-monitoring instrumental and measurement systems. We then examine the current state of the art that has been achieved over the last two decades as we have transitioned into the $21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ Century. Much has been accomplished, but great progress is needed in sensor technology, system design, product manufacture and performance standards. In the final section, we predict levels of performance and ubiquitous applications that will be realized during in the mid to late $21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ Century.

中文翻译：

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人工嗅觉在21^日世纪

人类嗅觉系统仍然是最具挑战性的生物系统之一。人类不假思索地使用它，它可以衡量提供保护免受伤害并带来同等程度的享受。系统实时检测和分析复杂气味的能力使其难以复制。人工嗅觉领域已经为包括恶臭测量、医学诊断、食品和饮料质量、环境和安全在内的多种应用招募并促进了跨学科研究和商业开发。在上个世纪，创新工程师和科学家一直致力于解决与气味测量和控制相关的一系列问题。IEEE Sensors Journal 于 2002 年和 2012 年出版了关于嗅觉的特刊。在此我们继续报道。 $20^{{\mathrm {th}}}$ 世纪是我们构建气味监测仪器和测量系统的基础。然后，我们检查在过去二十年中，当我们过渡到 $21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ 世纪。已经取得了很多成就，但在传感器技术、系统设计、产品制造和性能标准方面还需要取得很大进展。在最后一部分，我们预测了中后期将实现的性能水平和无处不在的应用程序 $21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ 世纪。