Engineered biochars are promising candidates in a wide range of environmental applications, including soil fertility improvement, contaminant immobilization, wastewater treatment and in situ carbon sequestration. This review provides a systematic classification of these novel biochar composites and identifies the promising future trends in composite research and application. It is proposed that metals, minerals, layered double hydroxides, carbonaceous nanomaterials and microorganisms enhance the performances of biochars via distinct mechanisms. In this review, four novel trends are identified and assessed critically. Firstly, facile synthesis methods, in particular ball milling and co-pyrolysis, have emerged as popular composite fabrication strategies that are suitable for large-scale applications. Secondly, biochar modification with green materials, such as natural clay minerals and microorganisms, align well with the on-going green and sustainable remediation (GSR) movement. Furthermore, new applications in soil health improvement and climate change mitigation support the realization of United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, the importance of field studies is getting more attention, since evidence of field success is critically needed before large-scale applications.

中文翻译：

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生物炭复合材料：新兴趋势、领域成功和可持续性影响

工程生物炭在广泛的环境应用中是有希望的候选者，包括土壤肥力提高、污染物固定、废水处理和原位固碳。本综述对这些新型生物炭复合材料进行了系统分类，并确定了复合材料研究和应用的未来发展趋势。有人提出金属、矿物质、层状双氢氧化物、碳质纳米材料和微生物通过不同的机制提高生物炭的性能。在本次审查中，我们确定并严格评估了四种新趋势。首先，简便的合成方法，特别是球磨和共热解，已成为适用于大规模应用的流行复合材料制造策略。其次，使用天然粘土矿物和微生物等绿色材料对生物炭进行改性与正在进行的绿色和可持续修复 (GSR) 运动非常吻合。此外，在改善土壤健康和减缓气候变化方面的新应用支持实现联合国可持续发展目标 (SDG)。最后，现场研究的重要性越来越受到关注，因为在大规模应用之前，迫切需要现场成功的证据。