In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator–prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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水生生态学种间权衡的分类框架

在某些情况下，针对多个物种的野生动物管理目标可能会相互冲突，从而造成物种权衡。为了让管理者有效地识别权衡并避免其不良结果，他们必须了解所涉及的代理及其相应的交互。对淡水和海洋生态系统内的种间权衡进行了文献综述，以说明可能发生的潜在种间权衡的范围。我们确定了导致无法识别种间权衡的常见陷阱，包括单一物种管理和对生态系统的空间和时间规模及其管理制度的有限考虑。我们设计了一个水生系统中常见的种间权衡分类框架。该分类可以帮助管理者确定冲突是基于物种的直接关系（即捕食者-猎物、竞争、其他对抗关系）还是涉及中间物种（即引发冲突的物种）的间接关系，或者冲突是否由对立驱动否则不会相互作用的物种的管理目标（即非目标管理影响）。一旦了解了权衡的性质和范围，就可以结合现有的决策工具，例如结构化决策和实物期权分析，以改善水生生态系统的管理。产生冲突的物种）或冲突是否由对立的物种管理目标驱动，否则这些物种不会相互作用（即非目标管理效应）。一旦了解了权衡的性质和范围，就可以结合现有的决策工具，例如结构化决策和实物期权分析，以改善水生生态系统的管理。产生冲突的物种）或冲突是否由对立的物种管理目标驱动，否则这些物种不会相互作用（即非目标管理效应）。一旦了解了权衡的性质和范围，就可以结合现有的决策工具，例如结构化决策和实物期权分析，以改善水生生态系统的管理。