Kalasha, an endangered Dardic language (Indo-Aryan), is described as having series of retroflex and retroflex-nasal vowels, each with five contrasting vowel qualities. This study provides the first articulatory description of these vowels using lingual ultrasound imaging, showing that the vowels described as retroflex are produced not with tongue tip retroflexion but with bunching of the tongue body. Relative to their non-rhotic counterparts, these rhotic vowels are produced with more retracted tongue root and tongue blade, and they exhibit tongue dorsum concavity, much like bunched rhotic vowels in other languages. The five-way quality contrast between rhotic vowels is achieved using lip rounding as well as differences in tongue dorsum height, backness, and tongue root retraction. The lingual differences are reduced in comparison to the non-rhotic vowels, as they are constrained by the articulatory gestures used to achieve rhoticity.

Kalasha 是一种濒临灭绝的达迪克语（印度-雅利安语），被描述为具有一系列卷舌和鼻舌后元音，每个元音都有五种对比鲜明的元音品质。这项研究首次使用舌侧超声成像对这些元音进行了发音描述，表明被描述为卷舌的元音不是由舌尖卷曲产生的，而是由舌体的聚拢产生的。相对于它们的非重音元音，这些重音元音的舌根和舌叶更多地缩回，并且它们表现出舌背凹陷，很像其他语言中的成束重音元音。唇元音之间的五向质量对比是通过唇部圆润以及舌背高度、背部和舌根回缩的差异来实现的。