This article examines gendered employment implications of structural transformation and technological upgrading in manufacturing. It focuses on 14 countries that relied heavily on exports of labour-intensive and assembly industries that have long provided strategic entry points onto global markets. The study uses accounting decomposition methods to identify the drivers of changes in female shares of manufacturing employment as well as econometric analysis to assess the gendered impacts of technological upgrading. This study is the first to apply either of these methods at a detailed industry level as well as the first to estimate long-run relationships between women's representation in manufacturing employment and technological upgrading. The main findings are that within-industry effects on female shares of employment are generally more important than employment reallocation effects and that there is more often a negative than positive relationship between technological upgrading and female shares of employment at the country and industry levels. These negative effects of technological upgrading are found in four of the five strategic export-oriented industries — food, beverages and tobacco products; textiles; apparel, leather products and footwear; and motor vehicles. The article discusses the policy implications of these findings and of the defeminization of manufacturing employment more generally.

中文翻译：

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制造业去女性化、结构转型和技术升级

本文考察了制造业结构转型和技术升级对性别就业的影响。它侧重于 14 个严重依赖劳动密集型和装配行业出口的国家，这些行业长期以来一直是进入全球市场的战略切入点。该研究使用会计分解方法来确定女性制造业就业份额变化的驱动因素，并使用计量经济学分析来评估技术升级的性别影响。本研究首次在详细的行业层面应用这些方法中的任何一种，也是首次估计女性在制造业就业和技术升级中的代表性之间的长期关系。主要发现是，行业内对女性就业份额的影响通常比就业再分配效应更重要，并且在国家和行业层面，技术升级与女性就业份额之间往往存在负相关而非正相关。技术升级的这些负面影响出现在五个战略性出口导向产业中的四个——食品、饮料和烟草制品；纺织品；服装、皮革制品和鞋类；和机动车辆。本文讨论了这些发现的政策含义以及更普遍的制造业就业去女性化的政策含义。