Jupiter's Galilean satellite Io is one of the most remarkable objects in our Solar System. The tidal heating Io undergoes through its orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede has resulted in a body rich in active silicate volcanism. Over the past decades, Io has been observed from ground-based and Earth-orbiting telescopes and by several spacecraft. In this review we summarize the progress made toward our understanding of the physical and chemical processes related to Io and its environment since the Galileo era. Io science has been revolutionized by the use of adaptive optics techniques on large, 8- to 10-m telescopes. The resultant ever-increasing database, mapping the size, style, and spatial distribution of Io's diverse volcanoes, has improved our understanding of Io's interior structure, its likely composition, and the tidal heating process. Additionally, new observations of Io's atmosphere obtained with these large optical/infrared telescopes and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array reveal the presence of volcanic plumes, the (at times) near-collapse of Io's atmosphere during eclipse, and the interactions of plumes with the sublimation atmosphere.

木星的伽利略卫星艾奥是我们太阳系中最引人注目的天体之一。潮汐加热木卫一通过其与木卫二和木卫三的轨道共振产生了一个富含活性硅酸盐火山的天体。在过去的几十年里，木卫一被地面和地球轨道望远镜以及几艘航天器观测到。在这篇综述中，我们总结了自伽利略以来我们在理解与木卫一及其环境相关的物理和化学过程方面取得的进展。时代。通过在大型 8 至 10 米望远镜上使用自适应光学技术，海卫一科学发生了革命性的变化。由此产生的不断增加的数据库，绘制了艾奥不同火山的大小、风格和空间分布，提高了我们对艾奥内部结构、可能的组成和潮汐加热过程的理解。此外，通过这些大型光学/红外望远镜和阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列获得的对艾奥大气层的新观测揭示了火山羽流的存在、日食期间艾奥星大气层的（有时）几乎坍塌，以及羽流与升华的气氛。