The paper is focused on changes in biodiversity, the environment, and human activity in the Uvs Nuur Basin during the last three millennia based on biological and geochemical proxies from the lake Bayan Nuur. Regions with high biodiversity and relatively low anthropogenic pressures are typically the most vulnerable to both climate change and human activities. One such area is the Uvs Nuur Basin located on the north of the Great Lake Depression of Mongolia. The main objective of this study is to assess changes in the past biodiversity of the lake’s microflora and microfauna, and surrounding vegetation biodiversity in the Uvs Nuur Basin, and to determine the main drivers of diversity change. Based on the analysis of pollen and chironomids we conclude that the most humid and afforested phase was between 1400 and 1800 CE. We assume that the Little Ice Age in the Uvs Nuur Basin was humid with mean annual precipitation ca. 305 mm/year and mean July temperature about 13°C. Conversely, the warmest and most arid period was between 650 and 1350 CE with mean annual precipitation ca. 280 mm/year and mean July temperature of about 16°C, attributed to the Medieval Warm Period. The biodiversity of terrestrial plants, chironomids, and Cladocera positive react to changes in annual precipitation and July temperature, whereas diatoms do not correlate directly to the climatic factors. The diversity and the evenness of plants are strongly correlated with the change in the leading biomes. The calculated species turnover suggests no significant changes in plant and Cladocera taxa composition, but significant changes in diatom and chironomid communities. This may be explained by the instability of lake ecology due to the fluctuation of the salinity and acidity of the water. An additional aim was to assess if dung fungi in lacustrine sediments reflect changes in human population density around the lake. We found that neither historical sources of human presence nor the influx of coprophilous fungi are correlated with the inferred climate changes. Coprophilous fungi can be used as individual or additional sources of assessment for the peopling and human-related herbivore density including overgrazing of the studied area.

本文基于巴彦Nu尔湖的生物和地球化学替代物，着重研究了近三千年来乌斯努尔盆地生物多样性，环境和人类活动的变化。生物多样性高且人为压力相对较低的地区通常最容易受到气候变化和人类活动的影响。其中一个地区是位于蒙古大湖坳陷北部的乌布苏努尔盆地。本研究的主要目的是评估湖泊微生物区系和微型动物群过去生物多样性的变化，以及乌布斯努尔盆地周围植被生物多样性，并确定多样性变化的主要驱动因素。根据对花粉和摇蚊的分析，我们得出结论，最潮湿和最绿化的时期是在公元 1400 年到 1800 年之间。我们假设 Uvs Nuur 盆地的小冰河时代是潮湿的，年平均降水量约为 305 毫米/年，7 月平均温度约为 13°C。相反，最温暖和最干旱的时期是在公元 650 年到 1350 年之间，年平均降水量约为。280 毫米/年，7 月平均气温约为 16°C，归因于中世纪暖期。陆生植物、摇蚊类和枝角类的生物多样性对年降水量和 7 月温度的变化呈阳性反应，而硅藻与气候因素没有直接关系。植物的多样性和均匀度与主要生物群落的变化密切相关。计算出的物种周转率表明植物和枝角类群的组成没有显着变化，但硅藻和摇蚊群落发生了显着变化。这可能是由于水的盐度和酸度的波动导致湖泊生态不稳定。另一个目的是评估湖沉积物中的粪便真菌是否反映了湖周围人口密度的变化。我们发现人类存在的历史来源和嗜粪真菌的流入都与推断的气候变化无关。嗜粪真菌可用作评估人口和人类相关食草动物密度（包括研究区域的过度放牧）的单独或附加来源。我们发现人类存在的历史来源和嗜粪真菌的流入都与推断的气候变化无关。嗜粪真菌可用作评估人口和人类相关食草动物密度（包括研究区域的过度放牧）的单独或附加来源。我们发现，人类存在的历史来源或共生真菌的涌入均与推断的气候变化无关。嗜粪真菌可用作评估人口和人类相关食草动物密度（包括研究区域的过度放牧）的单独或附加来源。