Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading takes place on gently sloping grounds due to the liquefaction of sand layers during an earthquake. This phenomenon had catastrophic effects in past events such as the 1964 Niigata, Japan earthquake. In this study, a recently proposed variable permeability function along with a critical state two-surface plasticity model is employed in a fully-coupled dynamic numerical model to simulate the lateral spreading. The variable permeability function is re-calibrated such that the numerical model is able to simulate lateral spreading in a more realistic way compared to the experimental records. By means of six centrifuge experiments for verification, it is shown that the current numerical model is properly capable to capture the underlying physics of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Using the calibrated model, a comprehensive parametric study is conducted and the results are used to develop a practical correlation to estimate the lateral displacement of a liquefied gently sloped ground.

中文翻译：

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使用可变渗透率模型研究液化引起的缓坡地面横向扩展

由于地震期间沙层液化，液化引起的横向扩展发生在平缓倾斜的地面上。这种现象在过去的事件中产生了灾难性的影响，例如 1964 年日本新泻地震。在这项研究中，在全耦合动态数值模型中采用了最近提出的可变渗透率函数以及临界状态两表面塑性模型来模拟横向扩展。可变渗透率函数被重新校准，这样与实验记录相比，数值模型能够以更真实的方式模拟横向扩展。通过六个离心机实验进行验证，表明当前的数值模型能够正确地捕捉液化引起的横向扩展的基础物理。使用校准模型，