Objective

To compare effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone with ketamine–xylazine combination on anaesthetic induction, recovery and cardiopulmonary variables in mute swans.

Study design

Randomized, controlled, clinical study.

Animals

A group of 58 mute swans.

Methods

Swans were given either alfaxalone (10 mg kg^–1; group A) or a combination of ketamine (12.5 mg kg^–1) and xylazine (0.28 mg kg^–1) (group KX) IV. Heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded at 5 minute intervals during anaesthesia. Time from anaesthetic induction to intubation, from cessation of isoflurane to extubation, to lifting head, sternal recumbency and absence of head/neck ataxia were recorded. Anaesthetic and recovery quality were scored (1 = very poor; 5 = excellent). Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

In group A, 44% (12/27) of swans required mechanical ventilation for 2–14 minutes versus 3.2% (1/31) of swans in group KX (p = 0.0002). Heart rate was higher in group A than in group KX [146 (127–168) versus 65.5 (56–78) beats minute^–1, respectively; p < 0.0001]. The isoflurane concentration required to maintain anaesthesia was higher in group A than in group KX [2.5% (2.0–3.0%) versus 1.5% (1.0–2.0%), respectively; p = 0.0001]. Time from cessation of isoflurane administration to lifting head was significantly longer in group A than in group KX [12 (9–17) versus 6 (4–7.75) minutes, respectively; p < 0.0001]. Anaesthesia quality scores were significantly better in group KX than in group A [4 (4–5) versus 4 (3–4), respectively; p = 0.0011], as were recovery scores [4 (3–5) versus 2 (2–3), respectively; p = 0.0005].

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Alfaxalone is a suitable anaesthetic induction agent for use in mute swans. There is a greater incidence of postinduction apnoea and a higher incidence of agitation on recovery with alfaxalone than with ketamine–xylazine.

中文翻译：

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静脉注射氯胺酮-甲苯噻嗪与阿法沙酮对野生动物兽医医院疣鼻天鹅 (Cygnus olor) 的药效学效果比较

客观的

比较静脉注射 (IV) 阿法沙酮与氯胺酮-甲苯噻嗪组合对疣鼻天鹅麻醉诱导、苏醒和心肺变量的影响。

学习规划

随机、对照、临床研究。

动物

一群58只疣鼻天鹅。

方法

天鹅接受阿法沙酮（10 mg kg ^–1；A 组）或氯胺酮（12.5 mg kg ^–1）和甲苯噻嗪（0.28 mg kg ^–1）（KX 组）的组合IV。麻醉期间每隔 5 分钟记录一次心率和呼吸频率、呼气末二氧化碳和外周血红蛋白氧饱和度。记录从麻醉诱导到插管、从停止异氟烷到拔管、抬起头部、胸骨卧位和无头/颈共济失调的时间。对麻醉和恢复质量进行评分（1 = 非常差；5 = 优秀）。数据以中位数（四分位数间距）表示。显着性设置为p < 0.05。

结果

在 A 组中，44% (12/27) 的天鹅需要机械通气 2-14 分钟，而KX 组中这一比例为 3.2% (1/31) ( p  = 0.0002) 。A 组的心率高于 KX 组 [分别为 146 (127–168)和65.5 (56–78) 次每分钟^–1；p < 0.0001]。A 组维持麻醉所需的异氟烷浓度高于 KX 组 [分别为 2.5% (2.0–3.0%)和1.5% (1.0–2.0%)；p  = 0.0001]。A 组从停止异氟醚到抬起头的时间明显长于 KX 组 [分别为 12 (9-17) 分钟和6 (4-7.75) 分钟；p < 0.0001]。KX 组的麻醉质量评分明显优于 A 组 [分别为 4 (4-5)比4 (3-4)；p  = 0.0011]，恢复评分也是如此 [分别为 4 (3–5)与2 (2–3)；p  = 0.0005]。

结论和临床相关性

阿法沙酮是一种适合用于疣鼻天鹅的麻醉诱导剂。与氯胺酮-赛拉嗪相比，阿法沙酮诱导后呼吸暂停的发生率更高，恢复后躁动的发生率也更高。