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Extreme secondary sexual dimorphism in the genus Florarctus (Heterotardigrada: Halechiniscidae)
Marine Biodiversity ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s12526-021-01183-y
Piotr Gąsiorek , David Møbjerg Kristensen , Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen

Secondary sexual dimorphism in florarctin tardigrades is a well-known phenomenon. Males are usually smaller than females, and primary clavae are relatively longer in the former. A new species Florarctus bellahelenae, collected from subtidal coralline sand just behind the reef fringe of Long Island, Chesterfield Reefs (Pacific Ocean), exhibits extreme secondary dimorphism. Males have developed primary clavae that are much thicker and three times longer than those present in females. Furthermore, the male primary clavae have an accordion-like outer structure, whereas primary clavae are smooth in females. Other species of Florarctus Delamare-Deboutteville & Renaud-Mornant, 1965 inhabiting the Pacific Ocean were investigated. Males are typically smaller than females, but males of Florarctus heimi Delamare-Deboutteville & Renaud-Mornant, 1965 and females of Florarctus cervinus Renaud-Mornant, 1987 have never been recorded. The Renaud-Mornant collection was re-examined, and type series were analysed. Florarctus heimi and F. cervinus were always found together in the coralline sand of Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef). The animals were kept alive and surveyed in the laboratory of the Queensland Museum. All studied individuals of the larger F. heimi (up to ca. 400 μm) were females, and all adults of the smaller F. cervinus (about 170 μm) were males. Males of F. cervinus were observed mating with females of F. heimi. Following those morphological and behavioural lines of evidence, we propose that F. cervinus is a junior synonym of F. heimi. Based on the discovery of dimorphism in F. bellahelenae sp. nov. and the strong sex-related morphological disparities in F. heimi, we suggest that extreme secondary dimorphism may be present in other florarctin arthrotardigrades.



中文翻译:

Florarctus (Heterotardigrada: Halechiniscidae) 属中的极端次生性二态性

florarctin tardigrades 的二次性二态性是众所周知的现象。雄性通常比雌性小,前者的初级棒相对较长。一个新物种Florarctus bellahelenae是从长岛切斯特菲尔德礁(太平洋)珊瑚礁边缘后面的潮下珊瑚沙中收集的,表现出极端的次生二态性。雄性已经发育出比雌性更厚、长三倍的初级棒。此外,雄性的初级锁骨具有类似手风琴的外部结构,而雌性的初级锁骨是光滑的。调查了 1965 年栖息在太平洋的Florarctus Delamare-Deboutteville 和 Renaud-Mornant 的其他物种。雄性通常比雌性小,但雄性Florarctus heimi Delamare-Deboutteville & Renaud-Mornant, 1965 和Florarctus cervinus Renaud-Mornant, 1987 的雌性从未被记录过。重新检查了 Renaud-Mornant 收藏,并分析了类型系列。Florarctus heimiF. cervinus总是一起发现在苍鹭岛(大堡礁)的珊瑚沙中。这些动物被保存在昆士兰博物馆的实验室中并进行了调查。所有研究的较大F. heimi(高达约 400 μm)的个体都是雌性,而较小的F. cervinus(约 170 μm)的所有成年个体都是雄性。观察到F. cervinus 的雄性与F. heimi 的雌性交配. 根据这些形态学和行为学证据,我们建议F. cervinusF. heimi 的次要同义词。基于在F. bellahelenae sp. 中发现二态性。十一月 以及F. heimi 中强烈的性别相关形态差异,我们认为其他 florarctin arthrotardigrades 中可能存在极端的次生二态性。

更新日期:2021-05-28
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