The pretensioning force in bolted joints enhances the lateral strength of the connections, and causes the embedment of metal washers into wood. Despite the significance of embedment behavior in the design of bolted joints, its mechanism has yet to be fully understood. In this study, the mechanism of the embedment of a metal washer into wood along the radial direction was examined through three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element analysis (FEA). The FEA results were validated by comparing them with experimental results for nine metal washers with different geometries. Moreover, the sensitivity of embedment stiffness and yield load to wooden material constants was also investigated. The numerical results showed good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the embedment stiffness and yield load were sensitive to the yield stress and Young’s modulus of wood in the radial and tangential directions. The determination of these mechanical properties of wood through material testing is important for reproducing the behavior of the embedment of a metal washer into wood and accurately estimating the yield load and initial stiffness using FEA. This will play a significant role in designing bolted joints.

中文翻译：

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金属垫圈在螺栓连接处嵌入行为的非线性有限元分析

螺栓连接中的预紧力增强了连接的横向强度，并导致金属垫圈嵌入木材中。尽管嵌入行为在螺栓连接的设计中具有重要意义，但其机理尚待充分了解。在这项研究中，通过三维非线性有限元分析 (FEA) 检查了金属垫圈沿径向嵌入木材的机制。通过将FEA结果与9种具有不同几何形状的金属垫圈的实验结果进行比较来验证FEA结果。此外，还研究了嵌入刚度和屈服载荷对木质材料常数的敏感性。数值结果与实验结果显示出良好的定性和定量一致性。此外，嵌入刚度和屈服载荷对木材径向和切向方向的屈服应力和杨氏模量敏感。通过材料测试确定木材的这些机械性能对于再现金属垫圈嵌入木材的行为以及使用 FEA 准确估计屈服载荷和初始刚度非常重要。这将在设计螺栓连接时发挥重要作用。