The calendar reforms of Peter the Great introduced on January 1, 1700 have produced a surprising amount of confusion and misunderstanding. This articles proposes firstly to clarify the aims and outcomes of these reforms, so far as the available sources allow. Secondly, through an examination of the New Year celebrations mandated by Peter's edicts, the article examines the legitimating arguments that have been deployed, including ideas about Russia's relation to western countries, about the position of the Orthodox Church in the polity, and about the prerogatives of the ruler in these matters. As a result of the changing arguments invoked by Peter and his entourage, the reforms introduced a regime of plural temporalities that has affected the course of Russia's development and the elaboration of its identities to this day. The reforms had little to do with heralding a secular, modern society. If initially they represented a failed pragmatic attempt to create a civil calendar aligned with Protestant countries, their justification, once it finally settled, harked back to long-standing theological ideas about the time of the Incarnation.

中文翻译：

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彼得大帝时期的历法改革：绝对主义特权、复数时间和基督教例外论

彼得大帝于 1700 年 1 月 1 日推出的历法改革产生了惊人的混乱和误解。本文建议首先在现有资料允许的范围内阐明这些改革的目的和结果。其次，通过对彼得敕令规定的新年庆祝活动的考察，本文考察了已部署的合法论点，包括关于俄罗斯与西方国家关系的观点、关于东正教在政体中的地位以及关于特权的观点。在这些事情上的统治者。由于彼得及其随行人员提出的不断变化的论点，改革引入了一个多重时间性的制度，这种制度影响了俄罗斯的发展进程和至今对其身份的阐述。这些改革与预示一个世俗的现代社会毫无关系。如果最初它们代表了创建与新教国家一致的民间历法的失败的务实尝试，那么一旦最终确定，它们的理由就会回到关于化身时间的长期神学观念。