Diversion programs are increasingly being implemented as an alternative to more severe sanctions, especially within juvenile justice. The civil citation program in Florida is unique in that it diverts juveniles away from the justice system at the earliest decision point of arrest. However, despite its growing use in a number of states, there is little research on the program's implementation and outcomes, namely, it remains unknown if the program is being applied consistently across communities and for juveniles within those communities. Drawing from the larger sociology of punishment, race, and social control literature, and the associated theories of labeling and social threat, this study employs statewide data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice to explore the community and individual determinants of civil citation's use. Consistent with the theoretical arguments of labeling and social threat, the multilevel analysis finds that community and individual characteristics, in particular race, impact the likelihood of receiving civil citation. Implications for future research, theory, and policy are discussed.

中文翻译：

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决定转移或逮捕的个人特征和社区背景

越来越多地实施改道方案，以替代更严厉的制裁措施，特别是在少年司法范围内。佛罗里达州的公民引用程序是独特的，因为它在最早的逮捕决定点将少年转移出司法系统。但是，尽管该计划在许多州得到越来越多的使用，但几乎没有对该计划的实施和结果进行研究，也就是说，该计划是否在各个社区之间以及在这些社区内的青少年中得到一致应用尚不清楚。这项研究借鉴了更广泛的惩罚，种族和社会控制文献，以及相关的标签和社会威胁理论，利用佛罗里达州少年司法部的全州数据探索了社区和个人决定公民引用行为的决定因素。与标签和社会威胁的理论观点一致，多层次分析发现，社区和个人特征，特别是种族，会影响获得公民引用的可能性。讨论了对未来研究，理论和政策的影响。