β-Amylase (BAM) is an important starch hydrolase, playing a role in a variety of plant growth and development processes. In this study, 22 BAM gene family members (GFMs) were identified in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an ancient crop gaining modern consumer acceptance because of its nutritional qualities. The genetic structure, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of CqBAM GFMs in different tissues, were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses assigned the CqBAMs, AtBAMs, and OsBAMs into four clades. The CqBAM gene family had expanded due to segmental duplication. RNA-seq analysis revealed expression of the duplicated pairs to be similar, with the expression of CqBAM GFM pairs showing a degree of tissue specificity that was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Several CqBAM GFMs were also responsive to abiotic stresses in shoots and/or roots. In conclusion, the BAM gene family in quinoa was identified and systematically analyzed using bioinformatics and experimental methods. These results will help to elucidate the evolutionary relationship and biological functions of the BAM gene family in quinoa.

中文翻译：

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藜麦β-淀粉酶基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

β-淀粉酶（BAM）是一种重要的淀粉水解酶，在多种植物生长发育过程中发挥作用。在这项研究中，在藜麦 ( Chenopodium quinoa )中鉴定了22 个BAM基因家族成员 (GFM )，这是一种因其营养品质而获得现代消费者认可的古老作物。分析了CqBAM GFMs 在不同组织中的遗传结构、系统发育和进化关系以及表达模式。系统发育分析将 CqBAM、AtBAM 和 OsBAM 分为四个进化枝。由于节段重复，CqBAM基因家族已经扩大。RNA-seq 分析显示重复对的表达相似，CqBAM的表达GFM 对显示出一定程度的组织特异性，这一点已通过逆转录定量 PCR (RT-qPCR) 得到证实。一些CqBAM GFM 也对芽和/或根中的非生物胁迫有反应。总之，使用生物信息学和实验方法对藜麦中的BAM基因家族进行了鉴定和系统分析。这些结果将有助于阐明藜麦BAM基因家族的进化关系和生物学功能。