In 2017, the newly installed Dutch government announced in its coalition agreement to introduce a distance-based heavy goods vehicle charge, similar to the charges levied in other European countries. To study the possible transport impacts, we applied available models and methods in preparation for the introduction of this truck charge in the Netherlands in 2023, in order to present decision information to the government on different aspects of the charge. In this paper we present the analysis of different implementation scenarios for a distance-based truck charge. Different behavioural responses can be expected in terms of freight transport demand, mode choice, logistic efficiency, and route choice. Many studies however lack sufficient detail to properly describe the impact of road charges for HGV on OD flows and freight traffic. In our contribution we explore the bandwidth of impacts of different pricing schemes, using strategic transport models for freight demand and traffic assignment, with detailed modal split and route choice models, ensuring a proper representation of generalsed transport costs. We explain how we use available transport models in an overarching analytical framework to make a comprehensive impact assessment of the different responses, and to decompose the impacts on the different responses. Final impacts are quantified in terms of freight demand (spatial pattern of transport flows), modal split and traffic flows (route choice, and congestion).

Depending on the pricing scenario the tonne kilometres decrease by 0.4%–4.8% on average. The modal shift impacts are stronger on longer transport distances: this is explained both by the larger impact of a distance-based charge on these routes, and by higher substitution possibilities to barge or rail. The results indicate that the overall impacts of the introduction of the different charging alternatives are moderate. However, the network impacts at local level can be substantial due to the impact of re-routing of truck trips to avoid charge.

2017 年，新上任的荷兰政府在其联盟协议中宣布引入与其他欧洲国家类似的基于距离的重型货车收费。为了研究可能的交通影响，我们应用了可用的模型和方法，为 2023 年在荷兰引入这种卡车收费做准备，以便向政府提供有关收费不同方面的决策信息。在本文中，我们对基于距离的卡车收费的不同实施方案进行了分析。在货运需求、模式选择、物流效率和路线选择方面，可以预期不同的行为反应。然而，许多研究缺乏足够的细节来正确描述 HGV 道路收费对 OD 流量和货运量的影响。在我们的贡献中，我们探讨了不同定价方案的影响范围，使用货运需求和交通分配的战略运输模型，以及详细的模式分割和路线选择模型，确保正确表示一般运输成本。我们解释了我们如何在一个总体分析框架中使用可用的交通模型来对不同的响应进行全面的影响评估，并分解对不同响应的影响。最终影响根据货运需求（运输流的空间模式）、模式分割和交通流（路线选择和拥堵）进行量化。确保一般运输成本的适当表示。我们解释了我们如何在一个总体分析框架中使用可用的交通模型来对不同的响应进行全面的影响评估，并分解对不同响应的影响。最终影响根据货运需求（运输流的空间模式）、模式分割和交通流（路线选择和拥堵）进行量化。确保一般运输成本的适当表示。我们解释了我们如何在一个总体分析框架中使用可用的交通模型来对不同的响应进行全面的影响评估，并分解对不同响应的影响。最终影响根据货运需求（运输流的空间模式）、模式分割和交通流（路线选择和拥堵）进行量化。

根据定价方案，吨公里平均下降 0.4%–4.8%。运输距离越长，模式转移的影响越大：这可以通过基于距离的收费对这些路线的更大影响以及驳船或铁路的更高替代可能性来解释。结果表明，引入不同充电方式的总体影响是中等的。但是，由于为避免收费而重新安排卡车行程的影响，地方一级的网络影响可能很大。