Assessment of integrated personal exposure (PE) to airborne particulate matter (PM) across diverse microenvironments (MEs) over 24 hours under different exposure scenarios is necessary to identify appropriate strategies to improve urban air quality and mitigate the health effects of PM. We carried out a collaborative study in a densely populated city-state (Singapore) to assess the integrated PE to fine particles (PM_2.5), ultrafine particles (UFPs) and black carbon (BC) across diverse indoor and outdoor urban MEs, estimate related health risks and make suitable recommendations for healthy living in cities. Two volunteers with different lifestyles participated in the study by tracking their PE to particulate air pollution and the time-activity patterns over 24 hours using portable PM monitoring devices and recording their whereabouts using GPS coordinates. Home, transport and recreation (i.e., food court) MEs represented pollution hotspots of PM_2.5 (21.0 μg/m³), BC (3.4 μg/m³) and UFP (33.0 × 10³ #/cm³), respectively. Among the different modes of transport used by the participants (walking, cycling, e-scooter, mass rapid transport (MRT), bus, car and taxi), the air pollutants had elevated concentrations while commuting by public transport (bus and MRT) as well as during active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Air-conditioned cars and taxis, equipped with air filtration systems, represented the lowest PE. The health risk assessment revealed that there are potential carcinogenic risks associated with the long-term exposure to elevated levels of PM_2.5-bound toxic trace elements. These risks can be mitigated with the introduction of low-carbon and active modes of transport in place of internal combustion engines and the use of indoor air pollution exposure mitigation devices.

在不同的暴露场景下，对不同微环境 (ME) 中超过 24 小时的空气中颗粒物 (PM) 综合个人暴露 (PE) 的评估对于确定改善城市空气质量和减轻 PM 对健康影响的适当策略是必要的。我们在人口稠密的城市国家（新加坡）进行了一项合作研究，以评估综合 PE 到细颗粒 (PM _2.5)、超细颗粒 (UFP) 和黑碳 (BC) 跨越不同的室内和室外城市 ME，估计相关的健康风险并为城市健康生活提出合适的建议。两名生活方式不同的志愿者参与了这项研究，他们使用便携式 PM 监测设备跟踪他们的 PE 对颗粒空气污染和时间 - 活动模式超过 24 小时，并使用 GPS 坐标记录他们的行踪。家庭、交通和娱乐（即美食广场） ME 代表 PM _2.5 (21.0 μg/m ³ )、BC (3.4 μg/m ³ ) 和 UFP (33.0 × 10 ³ #/cm ³ ) 的污染热点）， 分别。在参与者使用的不同交通工具（步行、骑自行车、电动滑板车、大众捷运（MRT）、公共汽车、汽车和出租车）中，在乘坐公共交通工具（公共汽车和捷运）上下班时，空气污染物的浓度升高了以及在积极的交通方式（步行和骑自行车）期间。配备空气过滤系统的空调汽车和出租车的 PE 最低。健康风险评估显示，长期暴露于高浓度 PM _2.5结合的有毒微量元素存在潜在致癌风险。这些风险可以通过引入低碳和积极的交通方式代替内燃机以及使用室内空气污染暴露缓解装置来减轻。