Forest restoration is currently a primary objective in environmental management policies at a global scale, to the extent that impressive initiatives and commitments have been launched to plant billions of trees. However, resources are limited and the success of any restoration effort should be maximized. Thus, restoration programs should seek to guarantee that what is planted today will become an adult tree in the future, a simple fact that, however, usually receives little attention. Here, we advocate for the need to focus restoration efforts on an individual plant level to increase establishment success while reducing negative side effects by using an approach that we term “precision forest restoration” (PFR). The objective of PFR will be to ensure that planted seedlings or sowed seeds will become adult trees with the appropriate landscape configuration to create functional and self-regulating forest ecosystems while reducing the negative impacts of traditional massive reforestation actions. PFR can take advantage of ecological knowledge together with technologies and methodologies from the landscape scale to the individual-plant scale, and from the more traditional, low-tech approaches to the latest high-tech ones. PFR may be more expensive at the level of individual plants, but will be more cost-effective in the long term if it allows for the creation of resilient forests able to provide multiple ecosystem services. PFR was not feasible a few years ago due to the high cost and low precision of the available technologies, but it is currently an alternative that might reformulate a wide spectrum of ecosystem restoration activities.

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精确恢复：21 世纪促进森林恢复的必要方法

森林恢复目前是全球范围内环境管理政策的主要目标，因为已经发起了令人印象深刻的倡议和承诺来种植数十亿棵树。然而，资源是有限的，任何恢复工作的成功都应该最大化。因此，恢复计划应设法保证今天种植的树木将来会成为一棵成年树，这是一个简单的事实，但通常很少受到关注。在这里，我们主张需要将恢复工作集中在单个植物层面，以通过使用我们称为“精确森林恢复”（PFR）的方法来提高建立成功率，同时减少负面影响。PFR 的目标是确保种植的幼苗或播种的种子将成为具有适当景观配置的成年树，以创建功能性和自我调节的森林生态系统，同时减少传统大规模重新造林行动的负面影响。PFR 可以利用生态知识以及从景观规模到个体植物规模的技术和方法，以及从更传统的低技术方法到最新的高科技方法。PFR 在单个植物水平上可能更昂贵，但如果它允许创建能够提供多种生态系统服务的弹性森林，那么从长远来看将更具成本效益。由于现有技术成本高、精度低，PFR 在几年前是不可行的，