This article describes the design and > 20 years of effective implementation of a proactive resistance-management plan for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton that targets Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) in Australia, considering pest biology and ecology, insights from resistance-evolution modelling, and the importance of the human component to effective implementation. This is placed in the context of processes associated with adaptive resource management. Bt cotton has provided Australian cotton growers with technology to manage Helicoverpa species that previously challenged the industry's viability, while at the same time resulting in no detectable changes in the resistance allele frequency in field populations of either Helicoverpa species in eastern Australia. This is the most long-lived and successful global example of a proactive resistance management plan for an insect pest. Six key learnings important to the successful development and implementation of a proactive transgenic-crop resistance management plan are: the programme has to have a strong science base; there has to be broad stakeholder support at all levels; there has to be a strong implementation programme; the plan needs to be supported by auditing and enforced remediation of deviations from the mandated resistance management plan; A programme of rigorous and on-going resistance allele monitoring; an attitude of continuous improvement for all aspects of the resistance management plan. The lessons learnt from the deployment of Bt cotton in Australia are relevant globally and provide important guidelines for the deployment of transgenic crops for insect control wherever they are grown. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

中文翻译：

---

在澳大利亚成功开发并实施了实用的 Bt 棉花主动抗性管理计划

本文介绍了针对澳大利亚棉铃虫(Hübner) 和针叶虫 (Wallengren) 的转基因苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt) 棉花主动抗性管理计划的设计和 20 多年的有效实施，考虑到害虫生物学和生态学、见解从阻力进化建模，以及人为因素对有效实施的重要性。这被放置在与自适应资源管理相关的过程的上下文中。Bt 棉花为澳大利亚棉花种植者提供了管理Helicoverpa的技术以前挑战过该行业的生存能力的物种，同时导致任一Helicoverpa田间种群的抗性等位基因频率没有可检测到的变化澳大利亚东部的物种。这是针对害虫的主动抗性管理计划中最长寿、最成功的全球范例。对成功制定和实施积极的转基因作物抗性管理计划很重要的六个关键知识是： 计划必须有强大的科学基础；必须在各个层面得到广泛的利益相关者支持；必须有一个强有力的实施方案；该计划需要得到审计的支持，并对偏离授权的阻力管理计划的情况进行强制补救；严格和持续的抗性等位基因监测计划；对耐药性管理计划的各个方面持持续改进的态度。从澳大利亚部署 Bt 棉花中吸取的经验教训在全球范围内具有相关性，并为在任何种植的地方部署转基因作物以控制昆虫提供了重要的指导方针。© 2021 化学工业学会