Controls on landsliding have long been studied, but the potential for landslide-induced dam and lake formation has received less attention. Here, we model possible landslides and the formation of landslide dams and lakes in the Austrian Alps. We combine a slope criterion with a probabilistic approach to determine landslide release areas and volumes. We then simulate the progression and deposition of the landslides with a fluid dynamic model. We characterize the resulting landslide deposits with commonly used metrics, investigate their relation to glacial land-forming and tectonic units, and discuss the roles of the drainage system and valley shape. We discover that modeled landslide dams and lakes cover a wide volume range. In line with real-world inventories, we further found that lake volume increases linearly with landslide volume in the case of efficient damming – when an exceptionally large lake is dammed by a relatively small landslide deposit. The distribution and size of potential landslide dams and lakes depends strongly on local topographic relief. For a given landslide volume, lake size depends on drainage area and valley geometry. The largest lakes form in glacial troughs, while the most efficient damming occurs where landslides block a gorge downstream of a wide valley, a situation preferentially encountered at the transition between two different tectonic units. Our results also contain inefficient damming events, a damming type that exhibits different scaling of landslide and lake metrics than efficient damming and is hardly reported in inventories. We assume that such events also occur in the real world and emphasize that their documentation is needed to better understand the effects of landsliding on the drainage system.

中文翻译：

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控制奥地利阿尔卑斯山潜在滑坡水坝和湖泊的形成和大小

长期以来，人们一直在研究控制滑坡的方法，但滑坡诱发的大坝和湖泊形成的潜力却很少受到关注。在这里，我们对奥地利阿尔卑斯山可能发生的滑坡以及滑坡水坝和湖泊的形成进行了建模。我们将坡度标准与概率方法结合起来，确定滑坡释放面积和体积。然后，我们使用流体动力学模型模拟滑坡的进展和沉积。我们使用常用的指标来描述所产生的滑坡沉积物，调查它们与冰川土地形成和构造单元的关系，并讨论排水系统和河谷形状的作用。我们发现，模拟的滑坡水坝和湖泊涵盖了广泛的体积范围。根据实际库存，我们还发现，在有效筑坝的情况下，湖泊的体积随滑坡的体积呈线性增长-当一个相对较大的湖泊被相对较小的滑坡沉积物筑坝时。潜在滑坡坝和湖泊的分布和大小在很大程度上取决于当地的地形起伏。对于给定的滑坡量，湖泊的大小取决于流域和山谷的几何形状。最大的湖泊形成在冰河槽中，而最有效的筑坝发生在滑坡挡住宽谷下游的峡谷的地方，这是在两个不同构造单元之间过渡时优先遇到的情况。我们的结果还包含低效率的筑坝事件，这种筑坝类型与有效筑坝相比，具有不同的滑坡和湖泊尺度比例，并且几乎没有在库存中报告。