Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-26 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00987-y Noshin Masood 1 , Karen A Hudson-Edwards 2 , Abida Farooqi 1
To assess the loading profiles of groundwater nitrate (NO3−) and fluoride (F−), their spatial distributions, geochemistry and associated health risks were determined for 131 groundwater samples from eastern (ESR), central (CSR) and Trans-Indus Salt Ranges (TSR) in Pakistan. Groundwater NO3− concentrations were 0.2–308 mg/L (mean 59 mg/L) in ESR, 2.7–203 mg/L (mean 73 mg/L) in CSR and 1.1–259 mg/L (mean 69 mg/L) in the TSR. Forty-one %, 57% and 36% of the ESR, CSR and TSR samples, respectively, exceeded the WHO and Pak-NEQs permissible limit of 50 mg/L NO3−. Likewise, groundwater F− concentrations ranged from 0.1–1.8 mg/L (mean 0.6 mg/L), 0.1–2.7 mg/L (mean 0.9 mg/L) and 0.3–2.5 mg/L (mean 1.6 mg/L) mg/L in the ESR, CSR and TSR sites, respectively. In this case, 3%, 17% and 27% of the ESR, CSR and TSR samples, respectively, exceeded the WHO and Pak-NEQs permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L F. Oxidation of coal and coal waste resulted in the release of NO3− to groundwater. By contrast, enrichment of F− in groundwater was due to dissolution and cation exchange processes. Elevated values of the Higher Pollution Index (PI) and Health Risk Index (HRI) reflect a non-acceptable carcinogenic risk for drinking water NO3− and F− which should be addressed on a priority basis to protect human health.
中文翻译:
巴基斯坦旁遮普省 Salt Range 煤矿区地下水硝酸盐和氟化物分布、来源和健康风险评估
为了评估地下水硝酸盐 (NO 3 - ) 和氟化物 (F - ) 的负荷曲线,确定了来自东部 (ESR)、中部 (CSR) 和跨印度河盐的 131 个地下水样本的空间分布、地球化学和相关的健康风险巴基斯坦的山脉 (TSR)。地下水 NO 3 -浓度在 ESR 中为 0.2–308 mg/L(平均 59 mg/L),在 CSR 中为 2.7–203 mg/L(平均 73 mg/L)和 1.1–259 mg/L(平均 69 mg/L) ) 在 TSR 中。分别有 41%、57% 和 36% 的 ESR、CSR 和 TSR 样品超过了 WHO 和 Pak-NEQs 允许的 50 mg/L NO 3 -限值。同样,地下水 F -ESR 中的浓度范围为 0.1–1.8 mg/L(平均 0.6 mg/L)、0.1–2.7 mg/L(平均 0.9 mg/L)和 0.3–2.5 mg/L(平均 1.6 mg/L)mg/L 、CSR 和 TSR 站点。在这种情况下,分别有 3%、17% 和 27% 的 ESR、CSR 和 TSR 样品超过了 WHO 和 Pak-NEQs 允许的 1.5 mg/L F 限值。煤和煤废料的氧化导致释放NO 3 -地下水。相比之下,F -在地下水中的富集是由于溶解和阳离子交换过程。较高污染指数 (PI) 和健康风险指数 (HRI) 的值升高反映了饮用水 NO 3 -和 F -的不可接受的致癌风险,应优先解决这一问题,以保护人类健康。