Information on the effects of pollutants in sediments at an ecosystem level to validate current and proposed risk-assessment procedures is scarce. The most frequent criticism of these procedures is that responses of surrogate species in the laboratory are not representative of responses of natural populations. A tiered approach using both laboratory and microcosm exposures (96-h and 21-d laboratory bioassays and a 3-mo field microcosm) was conducted to compare the impacts of sediment-spiked cadmium on the mortality, development, and abundance of Chironomidae larvae. The 96-h and 21-d lethal concentrations of sediment-spiked Cd to 50% of the species Chironomus riparius were estimated to be 201.07 and 172.66 mg/kg, respectively. In the 21-d laboratory bioassay, the endpoints, including the development rate and emergence ratio, were compared, and the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) values were 325.8 and 10.7 mg/kg, respectively. The abundance, richness, and biomass of field-collected larvae were compared among the different treatments in the field microcosm, and it was found that the order of sensitivities using different endpoints was biomass (2.6/5.2 mg/kg of no-observed-effect concentration/LOEC) > diversity (10.7/21.2 mg/kg) > abundance (41.2/82.7 mg/kg). The toxicity values based on lethal/sublethal changes in the laboratory bioassays might not fully protect field organisms against damage from chemicals, such as Cd, unless an assessment factor of 5 is used. These findings highlight the need to conduct field validation of criteria/guidelines before they are introduced to protect organisms/ecosystems in the field and provide a preliminary template for future field validation of criteria elsewhere. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2450–2462. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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在实验室生物测定和野外微观世界中比较沉积物加标镉对摇蚊幼虫的影响以及对特定地点阈值浓度的现场验证的影响

关于生态系统层面沉积物中污染物影响验证当前和提议的风险评估程序的信息很少。对这些程序最常见的批评是，实验室中替代物种的反应不能代表自然种群的反应。进行了使用实验室和微观世界暴露（96 小时和 21 天实验室生物测定和 3 个月现场微观世界）的分层方法，以比较沉积物中镉对摇蚊幼虫的死亡率、发育和丰度的影响。50% 的Chironomus riparius物种的 96 小时和 21 天致死浓度的沉积物中 Cd估计分别为 201.07 和 172.66 mg/kg。在 21 天的实验室生物测定中，比较了包括发育率和出现率在内的终点，最低观察效应浓度 (LOEC) 值分别为 325.8 和 10.7 mg/kg。在田间微观世界中比较不同处理的田间采集幼虫的丰度、丰富度和生物量，发现使用不同端点的敏感性顺序为生物量（2.6/5.2 mg/kg 未观察到的影响）浓度/LOEC) > 多样性 (10.7/21.2 mg/kg) > 丰度 (41.2/82.7 mg/kg)。除非使用 5 的评估因子，否则基于实验室生物测定中致死/亚致死变化的毒性值可能无法完全保护田间生物免受化学物质（如 Cd）的损害。环境毒物化学2021；40:2450–2462。© 2021 SETAC