Reconstructing the geographic origins of non-native species is important for studying the factors that influence invasion success, however; these analyses can be constrained by the amount of diversity present in the native and invaded regions, and by changes in the genetic background of the invading population following bottlenecks and/or hybridization events. Here we explore the geographical origins of the invasive winter moth (Operopthera brumata L.) that has caused widespread defoliation to forests, orchards, and crops in Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Oregon, and the northeastern United States. It is not known whether these represent independent introductions to North America, or a “stepping stone” spread among regions. Using a combination of Bayesian assignment and approximate Bayesian computation methods, we analysed a population genetic data set of 24 microsatellite loci. We estimate that winter moth was introduced to North America on at least four occasions, with the Nova Scotian and British Columbian populations probably being introduced from France and Sweden, respectively; the Oregonian population probably being introduced from either the British Isles or northern Fennoscandia; and the population in the northeastern United States probably being introduced from somewhere in Central Europe. We discuss the impact of genetic bottlenecks on analyses meant to determine region of origin.

中文翻译：

---

四次离开欧洲：冬蛾 Operophtera brumata 连续入侵北美

然而，重建非本地物种的地理起源对于研究影响入侵成功的因素很重要；这些分析可能受到本地和入侵地区存在的多样性数量的限制，以及瓶颈和/或杂交事件后入侵种群遗传背景的变化。在这里，我们探索侵入性冬蛾（Operopthera brumata）的地理起源L.) 导致新斯科舍省、不列颠哥伦比亚省、俄勒冈州和美国东北部的森林、果园和农作物大面积落叶。目前尚不清楚这些是独立引入北美，还是跨地区传播的“垫脚石”。使用贝叶斯分配和近似贝叶斯计算方法的组合，我们分析了 24 个微卫星位点的种群遗传数据集。我们估计冬蛾至少有四次被引入北美，新斯科舍省和不列颠哥伦比亚省的种群可能分别从法国和瑞典引入；俄勒冈人可能是从不列颠群岛或芬诺斯坎迪亚北部引入的；美国东北部的人口可能是从中欧的某个地方引进的。我们讨论了遗传瓶颈对旨在确定原产地的分析的影响。