Greater than 190 °C continuous wave (CW) lasing is achieved from 905 nm high-efficiency vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 46.3% for ${4}~\mu \text{m}$ VCSELs was demonstrated under the ambient temperature of 30 °C. The maximum PCE decreases only 10% of its value from 30 °C to 90 °C, showing stable high-temperature characteristics. The thermal resistances and active region temperatures of the device versus ambient temperature are determined experimentally. Besides, size-dependent thermal characteristics are also analyzed by characterizing the spectral and spatial properties of devices with various apertures. It is found that the higher the ambient temperature is, the less the number of high-order modes is, and single fundamental mode operation can be realized in ${4}~\mu \text{m}$ VCSELs even at a relatively high temperature of 190 °C. The design and characterization of these high-temperature VCSEL devices might present the basis for future laser radar application.

中文翻译：

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905°C VCSEL的高性能可在190°C的高温下运行

905 nm高效垂直腔表面发射激光器（VCSEL）可实现大于190°C的连续波（CW）激光。的最大功率转换效率（PCE）为46.3％ $ {4}〜\ mu \ text {m} $ 在30°C的环境温度下演示了VCSEL。从30°C到90°C，最大PCE仅降低其值的10％，显示出稳定的高温特性。通过实验确定器件的热阻和有源区温度与环境温度的关系。此外，还通过表征具有各种孔径的设备的光谱和空间特性来分析尺寸相关的热特性。发现环境温度越高，高阶模的数量越少，并且可以实现单基模操作。 $ {4}〜\ mu \ text {m} $ 甚至在190°C的相对较高温度下的VCSEL。这些高温VCSEL器件的设计和特性可能为将来的激光雷达应用奠定基础。