Mycobacterium is a large, clinically relevant bacterial genus made up of the agents of tuberculosis and leprosy and hundreds of species of saprophytic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Pathogenicity, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibilities are exceptionally diverse between species. Patients with end-stage lung disease and recipients of lung transplants are at a higher risk of developing NTM colonization and disease and of severe manifestations and outcomes of tuberculosis. Data from the past three decades have increased our knowledge of these infections in lung transplant recipients. Still, there are knowledge gaps to be addressed to further our understanding of risk factors and optimal treatments for mycobacterial infections in this population.

分枝杆菌是一个大型的、临床相关的细菌属，由结核病和麻风病菌以及数百种腐生非结核分枝杆菌 (NTM) 组成。致病性、临床表现、流行病学和抗菌药物敏感性在物种之间异常多样。患有终末期肺病的患者和肺移植接受者发生 NTM 定植和疾病以及肺结核的严重表现和结果的风险更高。过去三年的数据增加了我们对肺移植受者感染这些感染的认识。尽管如此，为了进一步了解这一人群中分枝杆菌感染的风险因素和最佳治疗方法，仍有一些知识空白需要解决。