In recent years, natural disasters happening over the world pose severe challenges to emergency evacuation systems, especially for highly-populated urban community areas. Underground spaces not systematically utilized yet provide a new development direction for the construction of emergency shelters. Emergency response for mitigating negative impacts of disasters calls for well-designed shelter system and effective management of pedestrian evacuation. In this paper, we study the location selection of underground emergency shelters in urban community areas, along with pedestrian evacuation planning once disaster happens. The aim is to effectively use the existing underground space and sidewalk network to satisfy pedestrian evacuation demand as much as possible. We formulate the problem as a network flow model, and develop a minimum-cost-maximum-flow solution approach. A real-world case study based on the East Nanjing Road community area in central Shanghai is conducted. The results show that sidewalks are the bottleneck of the pedestrian evacuation network due to their limited capacity. Reserving vehicle lanes, implementing one-way evacuation, and opening local small-scale underground shelters, are shown to be effective measures for improving the pedestrian evacuation performance. Overall, the proposed methodology and managerial insights based on the case study in Shanghai show a great potential of employing underground space as shelters for pedestrian evacuation system design in urban community areas.

近年来，世界各地发生的自然灾害对紧急疏散系统提出了严峻挑战，尤其是对于人口稠密的城市社区而言。未得到系统利用的地下空间为应急避难所的建设提供了新的发展方向。为减轻灾难的负面影响而采取的应急措施需要设计完善的庇护系统和行人疏散的有效管理。本文研究了城市社区地下应急避难所的位置选择，以及灾难发生时的行人疏散计划。目的是有效利用现有的地下空间和人行道网络，以尽可能满足行人疏散的需求。我们将问题表述为网络流量模型，并开发一种最小成本，最大流量的解决方案。进行了基于上海市中心南京东路社区区域的实际案例研究。结果表明，人行道由于其容量有限而成为行人疏散网络的瓶颈。保留车道，实施单向疏散以及开放当地的小型地下避难所，是改善行人疏散性能的有效措施。总体而言，基于上海案例研究的拟议方法论和管理见识表明，利用地下空间作为城市社区行人疏散系统设计的庇护所具有很大的潜力。结果表明，人行道由于其容量有限而成为行人疏散网络的瓶颈。保留车道，实施单向疏散以及开放当地的小型地下避难所，是改善行人疏散性能的有效措施。总体而言，基于上海案例研究的拟议方法论和管理见识表明，利用地下空间作为城市社区行人疏散系统设计的庇护所具有很大的潜力。结果表明，人行道由于其容量有限而成为行人疏散网络的瓶颈。保留车道，实施单向疏散以及开放当地的小型地下避难所，是改善行人疏散性能的有效措施。总体而言，基于上海案例研究的拟议方法论和管理见识表明，利用地下空间作为城市社区行人疏散系统设计的庇护所具有很大的潜力。