Intensifying global consumption stipulates the use of sustainable manufacturing and circular economy concepts to make products while managing available finite resources. Designers must be equipped to design products considering the economic, environmental, and social impacts of the product life cycle. This paper explores product design in relation to sustainability and circularity principles, presents fundamental concepts, sets definitions, and proposes a new methodology to incorporate these two principles. This new methodology synthesizes elements of design for sustainability and circularity. The primary stakeholder categories are updated to explicitly include “society-at-large”—a neglected category in typical manufacturer-focused sustainability evaluations. Sustainability elements based on the total life cycle approach, including triple bottom line, life cycle perspective, 6Rs, and perpetual resource flow, are integrated with the circular design elements of resource conservation, product-life extension, and circularity compliance to create the novel closed-loop sustainable product design methodology. The metrics-based product evaluation framework presented compels designers to integrate sustainability and circularity elements in the designed products. Sustainability concerns of the product life cycle are evaluated for both negative and positive impacts to identify the value created for all primary stakeholders (i.e., manufacturers, users, and society-at-large). This methodology promotes a holistic view of the product life cycle, including end-of-life activity planning, leading to a perpetual resource flow. Performance influencing parameters available for designers are also examined, including the overlooked “dedicated” and “incidental” process-induced types, providing a strong basis for future research on product sustainability predictive models.

中文翻译：

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循环经济的闭环可持续产品设计

全球消费的加剧要求使用可持续制造和循环经济概念来制造产品，同时管理可用的有限资源。设计师必须具备在设计产品时考虑到产品生命周期的经济、环境和社会影响的能力。本文探讨了与可持续性和循环原则相关的产品设计，提出了基本概念，设定了定义，并提出了一种新的方法来结合这两个原则。这种新方法综合了可持续性和循环性的设计元素。主要利益相关者类别已更新为明确包括“整个社会”——在典型的以制造商为中心的可持续性评估中被忽视的类别。基于全生命周期方法的可持续性要素，包括三重底线、生命周期视角、6R和永续资源流，与资源节约、产品寿命延长和循环合规的循环设计元素相结合，创造出新颖的闭环可持续产品设计方法论。提出的基于指标的产品评估框架迫使设计师将可持续性和循环性元素整合到设计的产品中。评估产品生命周期的可持续性问题的负面和正面影响，以确定为所有主要利益相关者（即制造商、用户和整个社会）创造的价值。这种方法促进了产品生命周期的整体视图，包括生命周期结束的活动计划，从而导致永久的资源流动。