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Phylogenetic value of jaw elements of lacertid lizards (Squamata: Lacertoidea): a case study with Oligocene material from France
Cladistics ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-24 , DOI: 10.1111/cla.12460
Lukardis Charlotte Marie Wencker 1 , Emanuel Tschopp 1, 2, 3 , Andrea Villa 1, 4 , Marc Louis Augé 5 , Massimo Delfino 1, 6
Affiliation  

Several extinct species are known from the family Lacertidae, but due to poor preservation, many of them are based on single bones. Here, we compare phylogenetic signals of disarticulated premaxillae, maxillae and dentaries of lacertids from four French Oligocene localities (Coderet, La Colombière, Roqueprune 2, Mas de Got B). We identified five morphotypes among the premaxillae, six among the maxillae, and ten among the dentaries. These morphotypes were scored as individual taxa per locality into three separate character matrices with the same 246 characters, one matrix for each jaw element. Subsequently, the phylogenetic position of the morphotypes was tested using maximum parsimony. The consensus trees with the dentaries and the maxillae found a large polytomy including all taxa except the outgroup taxon Gekko gecko. The consensus tree with the premaxillae showed a considerably more resolved topology but found all morphotype taxa outside Lacertidae. In a second step, we compared the constitution of our three datasets and the morphotype taxa. Our results suggest that a combination of convergent characters and missing data led to the outgroup position of the premaxilla morphotype taxa. The poor resolution of the maxillae strict consensus is likely a consequence of their fragmentary preservation. For the dentaries, a high amount of missing data due to the high number of morphotype taxa most likely caused the poor tree resolution. Indeed, tests with fewer morphotypes found tree resolutions comparable to the premaxilla data. When linking the morphotypes, five possible lacertid “species” were found. Comparison with already known French Oligocene lacertid species points to a slightly higher species richness of Lacertidae at that time than known before. Reliable species classification based on phylogeny only seems possible when combining the jaw elements or in association with other cranial and postcranial material, putting some doubt on species identifications based on single bones.

中文翻译:

Lacertid lizards (Squamata: Lacertoidea) 颚元素的系统发育价值:以法国渐新世材料为例

已知有几种已灭绝的物种来自 Lacertidae 家族,但由于保存不善,其中许多是基于单根骨头的。在这里,我们比较了来自四个法国渐新世地区(Coderet、La Colombière、Roqueprune 2、Mas de Got B)的脱节前上颌骨、上颌骨和牙齿的系统发育信号。我们在前颌骨中确定了五种形态类型,在上颌骨中确定了六种,在齿牙中确定了十种。这些形态类型作为每个位置的单个分类群被评分为具有相同 246 个字符的三个单独的字符矩阵,每个下颌元素一个矩阵。随后,使用最大简约法测试形态类型的系统发育位置。具有齿骨和上颌骨的共识树发现了一个大的多分体,包括除外群分类单元Gekko gecko之外的所有分类群. 具有前颌骨的共有树显示出相当多的拓扑结构,但发现了 Lacertidae 之外的所有形态类型分类群。在第二步中,我们比较了三个数据集的构成和形态类型分类群。我们的结果表明,收敛特征和缺失数据的组合导致前上颌骨形态类型分类群的外群位置。上颌骨严格共识的较差分辨率可能是其碎片保存的结果。对于齿牙,由于形态类型分类群数量多而导致的大量缺失数据很可能导致树分辨率差。事实上,具有较少形态类型的测试发现树分辨率与前颌骨数据相当。当连接形态类型时,发现了五种可能的 lacertid “物种”。与已知的法国渐新世紫萁属物种相比,当时的蝈蝈科物种丰富度略高于以前所知。基于系统发育的可靠物种分类似乎只有在结合下颌元素或与其他颅骨和颅后材料相关时才有可能,这对基于单个骨骼的物种鉴定提出了一些疑问。
更新日期:2021-05-24
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