Current myoelectric prostheses are multi-articulated and offer multiple modes. Switching between modes is often done through pre-defined myosignals, so-called triggers, of which the training hardly is studied. We evaluated if switching skills trained without using a prosthesis transfer to actual prosthesis use and whether the available feedback during training influences this transfer. Furthermore we examined which clinically relevant performance measures and which myosignal features were adapted during training. Two experimental groups and one control group participated in a five day pre-test—post-test design study. Both experimental groups used their myosignals to perform a task. One group performed a serious game without seeing their myosignals, the second group was presented their myosignal on a screen. The control group played the serious game using the touchpad of the laptop. Each training session lasted 15 min. The pre- and post-test were identical for all groups and consisted of performing a task with an actual prosthesis, where switches had to be produced to change grip mode to relocate clothespins. Both clinically relevant performance measures and myosignal features were analysed. 10 participants trained using the serious game, 10 participants trained with the visual myosignal and 8 the control task. All participants were unimpaired. Both experimental groups showed significant transfer of skill from training to prosthesis use, the control group did not. The degree of transfer did not differ between the two training groups. Clinically relevant measure ‘accuracy’ and feature of the myosignals ‘variation in phasing’ changed during training. Training switching skills appeared to be successful. The skills trained in the game transferred to performance in a functional task. Learning switching skills is independent of the type of feedback used during training. Outcome measures hardly changed during training and further research is needed to explain this. It should be noted that five training sessions did not result in a level of performance needed for actual prosthesis use. Trial registration The study was approved by the local ethics committee (ECB 2014.02.28_1) and was included in the Dutch trial registry (NTR5876).

中文翻译：

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模式转换性能的转移：从训练到上肢假体的使用

当前的肌电假体是多关节的并且提供多种模式。模式之间的切换通常是通过预定义的肌信号（所谓的触发器）完成的，而对其的训练却很少进行研究。我们评估了是否训练了不使用假肢转移到实际假肢使用的切换技能，以及训练期间可获得的反馈是否影响了这种转移。此外，我们检查了在训练过程中采用了哪些临床相关的性能指标以及哪些肌肉信号特征。两个实验组和一个对照组参加了为期五天的测试前-测试后设计研究。两个实验组均使用其肌信号执行任务。一组进行了认真的比赛而没有看到他们的肌信号，另一组在屏幕上显示了他们的肌信号。对照组使用笔记本电脑的触摸板玩了严肃的游戏。每次培训持续15分钟。所有组的前测和后测都是相同的，包括执行具有实际假体的任务，其中必须产生开关以改变握持模式以重新定位衣夹。分析了临床相关的性能指标和肌信号特征。使用严肃游戏训练了10名参与者，使用了视觉肌信号训练了10名参与者，并且进行了8个控制任务。所有参与者均未受损。两个实验组均显示出从训练到使用假体的显着技能转移，而对照组则没有。两个培训小组之间的转移程度没有差异。在训练期间，临床相关的测量值“准确性”和肌信号的特征“定相变化”发生了变化。培训转换技能似乎很成功。游戏中训练的技能转变为功能性任务的表现。学习切换技能与培训期间使用的反馈类型无关。训练期间的结果指标几乎没有改变，需要进一步的研究来解释这一点。应当指出的是，五次培训没有达到实际使用假体所需的性能水平。试验注册该研究已获得当地伦理委员会的批准（ECB 2014.02.28_1），并已包括在荷兰的试验注册中心（NTR5876）中。训练期间的结果指标几乎没有改变，需要进一步的研究来解释这一点。应当指出的是，五次培训没有达到实际使用假体所需的性能水平。试验注册该研究已获得当地伦理委员会的批准（ECB 2014.02.28_1），并已包括在荷兰的试验注册中心（NTR5876）中。训练期间的结果指标几乎没有改变，需要进一步的研究来解释这一点。应当指出的是，五次培训没有达到实际使用假体所需的性能水平。试验注册该研究已获得当地伦理委员会的批准（ECB 2014.02.28_1），并已包括在荷兰的试验注册中心（NTR5876）中。