To study the effects of exposure of fish to opioid drugs, we exposed Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) over a full life cycle to codeine spiked into river water at nominal concentrations of 100, 1,000 and 25,000 ng/L and to fentanyl spiked into river water at nominal concentrations of 5, 25 and 1,000 ng/L. The measured concentrations during medaka exposures were consistent with the nominal concentrations. Treatments with codeine at all test concentrations reduced the number of eggs produced by female medaka, as well as the number of mature oocytes observed histologically in the ovaries. Exposures to codeine also resulted in altered concentrations of hormones within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, including reduced levels of 17β-estradiol in female medaka. Fentanyl did not affect reproduction or the levels of hormones in medaka at the concentrations tested. Monitoring of surface waters in southern Ontario, Canada downstream of wastewater treatment plants showed that the test concentrations of fentanyl and codeine were environmentally relevant. The results of this work contribute to the literature on the impacts of opioids and other drugs of abuse released into surface waters.

为了研究鱼暴露于阿片类药物的影响，我们暴露了日本（Oryzias latipes）在整个生命周期中将可待因加标到河流水中的标称浓度分别为100、1,000和25,000 ng / L，将芬太尼加标到河流水中的标称浓度分别为5、25和1,000 ng / L。在中暴露期间测得的浓度与标称浓度一致。在所有测试浓度下用可待因处理均减少了雌性高产卵的数量，以及组织学上在卵巢中观察到的成熟卵母细胞的数量。暴露于可待因还导致下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴内激素的浓度改变，包括雌性中17β-雌二醇水平降低。在所测试的浓度下，芬太尼不会影响花aka的繁殖或激素水平。监测安大略省南部的地表水，加拿大废水处理厂的下游显示，芬太尼和可待因的测试浓度与环境有关。这项工作的结果为关于阿片类药物和其他滥用药物释放到地表水中的影响的文献提供了帮助。