Quantum computing holds a great promise and this work proposes to use new quantum data networks (QDNs) to connect multiple small quantum computers to form a cluster. Such a QDN differs from existing QKD networks in that the former must deliver data qubits reliably within itself. Two types of QDNs are studied, one using teleportation and the other using tell-and-go (TAG) to exchange quantum data. Two corresponding quantum transport protocols (QTPs), named Tele-QTP and TAG-QTP, are proposed to address many unique design challenges involved in reliable delivery of data qubits, and constraints imposed by quantum physics laws such as the no-cloning theorem, and limited availability of quantum memory. The proposed Tele-QTP and TAG-QTP are the first transport layer protocols for QDNs, complementing other works on the network protocol stack. Tele-QTP and TAG-QTP have novel mechanisms to support congestion-free and reliable delivery of streams of data qubits by managing the limited quantum memory at end hosts as well as intermediate nodes. Both analysis and extensive simulations show that the proposed QTPs can achieve a high throughput and fairness. This study also offers new insights into potential tradeoffs involved in using the two methods, teleportation and TAG, in two types of QDNs.

中文翻译：

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分布式量子计算的量子传输协议

量子计算具有广阔的前景，这项工作建议使用新的量子数据网络（QDN）连接多个小型量子计算机以形成一个集群。这样的QDN与现有的QKD网络的不同之处在于，前者必须在其内部可靠地传递数据qubit。研究了两种类型的QDN，一种使用隐形传态，另一种使用即用即走（TAG）交换量子数据。提出了两个相应的量子传输协议（QTP），分别称为Tele-QTP和TAG-QTP，以解决涉及可靠传输数据qubit的许多独特设计挑战，以及诸如非克隆定理之类的量子物理定律带来的约束，以及量子存储器的可用性有限。拟议的Tele-QTP和TAG-QTP是用于QDN的第一个传输层协议，是对网络协议栈上其他工作的补充。Tele-QTP和TAG-QTP具有新颖的机制，可通过管理终端主机和中间节点上有限的量子内存来支持无拥塞且可靠的数据qubit流传输。分析和大量仿真均表明，所提出的QTP可以实现高吞吐量和公平性。这项研究还为在两种类型的QDN中使用两种方法（隐形传态和TAG）涉及的潜在折衷提供了新见解。