Structural studies in active caldera systems are widely used in geothermal exploration to reconstruct volcanological conceptual models. Active calderas are difficult settings to perform such studies mostly because of the highly dynamic environment, dominated by fast accumulation of primary and secondary volcanic deposits, the variable and transient rheology of the shallow volcanic pile, and the continuous feedbacks between faulting, secondary porosity creation, and geothermal fluid circulation, alteration and cementation that tend to obliterate the tectonic deformation structures. In addition, deformation structures can be also caused by near- and far-field stress regimes, which include magmatic intrusions at various depths, the evolving topography and regional tectonics. A lack of consideration of all these factors may severely underpin the reliability of structural studies. By rebutting and providing a detailed discussion of all the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020) to the Urbani et al. (2020) paper, we take the opportunity to specify the scientific rationale of our structural fieldwork and strengthen its relevance for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems in general and, particularly, for the Holocene history of deformation and geothermal circulation in the Los Humeros caldera. At the same time, we identify several major flaws in the approach and results presented in Norini and Groppelli (2020), such as (1) the lack of an appropriate ranking of the deformation structures considering an inventory method for structural analysis; (2) the misinterpretation and misquoting of Urbani et al. (2020) and other relevant scientific literature; and (3) irrelevant and contradictory statements within their comment.

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答复Norini和Groppelli关于Urbani等人的文章“估计复苏的破火山口的深度和演变：Los Humeros（墨西哥）”。（2020年）

主动破火山口系统的结构研究已广泛用于地热勘探中，以重建火山学概念模型。活跃的破火山口很难进行这样的研究，主要是因为高动态环境，主要的和次要的火山沉积物的快速堆积，浅火山桩的变化和瞬变的流变学以及断层，次生孔隙的产生之间的连续反馈，地热流体循环，蚀变和胶结作用往往会破坏构造变形结构。此外，近场和远场应力状态也可能导致变形结构，包括不同深度的岩浆侵入，不断变化的地形和区域构造。缺乏对所有这些因素的考虑可能会严重支撑结构研究的可靠性。通过对Norini和Groppelli（2020）对Urbani等人的评论提出的所有观点进行反驳并提供详细讨论。（2020年）论文，我们借此机会详细说明了我们的结构野外工作的科学原理，并增强了其与活跃破火山口地热系统的地热勘探和开发的相关性，尤其是与洛斯地区全新世的变形和地热循环史有关腐殖质破火山口。同时，我们在Norini和Groppelli（2020）中提出的方法和结果中发现了几个主要缺陷，例如（1）考虑结构分析的清单方法，缺乏适当的变形结构排名；（2）对Urbani等人的误解和错误引用。（2020）和其他相关科学文献；（3）评论中无关紧要的陈述。