Antibiotic resistance in soil environment has eminently been compared and studied between agricultural and pristine soils, and the role of concentrated animal feeding operations has markedly been recognized as one of the major sources of antibiotic resistance. This study described the tetracycline resistance in small-scale farms in pursuit of presenting its possible role and contribution to the persistence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Results of the study would render additional information on the occurrence of the ribosomal protection protein (RPP) tet genes among the isolated bacteria from the selected agricultural soils. Four tetracycline resistance and RPP genes were determined in two different agricultural soil settings. Both the culture and molecular method were used to determine and measure tetracycline resistance in soils from arable land and animal house. Results revealed a significantly higher number of culturable antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal houses than arable lands which was suggestive of higher antibiotic resistance in areas where there was direct administration of the antibiotics. However, quantification of the gene copy numbers in the agricultural soils indicated a different result. Higher gene copy number of tetO was determined in one animal house (IAH-3), while the two other tet genes tetQ and tetW were found to be higher in arable lands. Of the total 110 bacterial isolates, tetW gene was frequently detected, while tetO gene was absent in any of the culturable bacterial isolates. Principal component analysis of occurrence and gene copy number of RPP tet genes tetO, tetQ, and tetW also revealed highest abundance of RPP tet genes in the manure and arable soils. Another important highlight of this study was the similarity of the RPP tet genes detected in the isolated bacteria from the agricultural soils to the identified RPP tet genes among pathogenic bacteria. Some of the tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates were also multidrug resistant as it displayed resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and streptomycin using disk diffusion testing.

中文翻译：

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特定农田和畜牧场土壤中的四环素抗性细菌和核糖体保护蛋白基因

在农业和原始土壤之间，已经对土壤环境中的抗生素抗性进行了比较和研究，浓缩动物饲养操作的作用已被公认为是抗生素抗性的主要来源之一。这项研究描述了小型养殖场中的四环素抗性，以期提出其可能的作用以及对环境中持久性抗生素抗性的贡献。研究结果将提供有关从选定农业土壤中分离出的细菌中核糖体保护蛋白（RPP）tet基因的发生情况的其他信息。在两种不同的农业土壤环境中确定了四个四环素抗性和RPP基因。培养和分子方法均用于测定和测量耕地和动物舍土壤中的四环素抗性。结果表明，与可耕地相比，动物舍中可培养的抗药性细菌数量明显多，这表明在直接施用抗生素的地区，其抗药性更高。然而，对农业土壤中基因拷贝数的量化表明了不同的结果。在一个动物舍（IAH-3）中确定了较高的tetO基因拷贝数，而在耕地中发现了另外两个tet基因tetQ和tetW。在总共110种细菌分离物中，经常检测到tetW基因，而在任何可培养细菌分离物中都没有tetO基因。RPP tet基因tetO，tetQ和tetW的发生和基因拷贝数的主成分分析也显示了肥料和可耕土壤中RPP tet基因的丰度最高。这项研究的另一个重要亮点是在农业土壤中分离出的细菌中检测到的RPP tet基因与病原菌中鉴定出的RPP tet基因相似。一些具有四环素抗性的细菌分离株也具有多药耐药性，因为使用圆盘扩散测试，它对四环素，红霉素和链霉素显示出抗性。这项研究的另一个重要亮点是在农业土壤中分离出的细菌中检测到的RPP tet基因与病原菌中鉴定出的RPP tet基因相似。一些具有四环素抗性的细菌分离株也具有多药耐药性，因为使用圆盘扩散测试，它对四环素，红霉素和链霉素显示出抗性。这项研究的另一个重要亮点是在农业土壤中分离出的细菌中检测到的RPP tet基因与病原菌中鉴定出的RPP tet基因相似。一些具有四环素抗性的细菌分离株也具有多药耐药性，因为使用圆盘扩散测试，它对四环素，红霉素和链霉素显示出抗性。