Recent legislative measures restricting the sale of sunscreens containing certain ultraviolet light filtering ingredients (UVFs) have been based on a perception of risk to aquatic life despite the lack of a robust data set to support these decisions. Concerns were focused on the potential for recreational swimmers' and divers' sunscreen use to result in exposures to coral already stressed due to climate change, disease, and other local conditions. In published environmental risk assessments for UVFs, exposure estimates were based on episodic environmental monitoring or estimates of typical sunscreen use, arbitrarily assuming the portion rinsed off from skin in seawater. To improve the accuracy of exposure estimates and thereby develop more robust risk assessments, we measured the amount of the UVFs, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone released to seawater from four sunscreen products (two lotions, one spray, one stick) in a novel porcine skin model of typical human sunscreen use. Sunscreen was applied to porcine skin, allowed to briefly dry, then exposed to four rinse cycles in artificial seawater. The mass of each UVF in seawater, partitioned from seawater onto glassware, and extractable from skin after rinsing were determined. The proportion rinsed from skin varied by UVF, by formula type, and by application rate. Less than 1.4% of applied octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene was detected in seawater samples (independent of formula) increasing to an average of 4% and 8% for avobenzone in stick and lotion forms, and to 24% for oxybenzone in lotions. The initial data show substantial differences in rinse-off among formulation types and sunscreen application rates, and stress the importance of using UVF-specific rinse-off values rather than a single value for all UVFs. This new method provides a tool for more robust exposure estimates, with initial data supporting lower rinse-off values than adopted in published risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:961–966. © 2021 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

中文翻译：

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开发一种用于改进防晒霜暴露评估的新型冲洗方法

尽管缺乏可靠的数据集来支持这些决定，但最近限制销售含有某些紫外线过滤成分 (UVF) 的防晒霜的立法措施是基于对水生生物风险的认识。关注的焦点集中在休闲游泳者和潜水员使用防晒霜的可能性上，导致暴露于已经因气候变化、疾病​​和其他当地条件而受到压力的珊瑚。在已发布的 UVF 环境风险评估中，暴露估计基于偶发性环境监测或对典型防晒霜使用的估计，任意假设从海水中从皮肤上冲洗掉的部分。为了提高暴露估计的准确性，从而开发更可靠的风险评估，我们测量了 UVF、阿伏苯宗、高糖酸、辛酸、奥克立林和氧苯酮从四种防晒产品（两种乳液、一种喷雾、一种棒）中释放到海水中，这些产品是典型的人类防晒霜使用的新型猪皮肤模型。将防晒霜涂在猪皮上，让其短暂干燥，然后在人造海水中进行四次冲洗。测定了海水中每种 UVF、从海水中分离到玻璃器皿上以及冲洗后可从皮肤中提取的质量。从皮肤上冲洗掉的比例因 UVF、配方类型和应用率而异。在海水样品（独立于配方）中检测到不到 1.4% 的辛酸、高杨酸和奥克立林，对于棒状和乳液形式的阿伏苯宗，平均增加到 4% 和 8%，对于乳液中的羟苯酮增加到 24%。初始数据显示不同配方类型和防晒霜使用率之间的漂洗效果存在显着差异，并强调了使用 UVF 特定漂洗值而不是所有 UVF 的单一值的重要性。这种新方法为更可靠的暴露估计提供了一种工具，初始数据支持比已发布的风险评估中采用的冲洗值更低。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021；17：961-966。© 2021 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc.综合环境评估和管理，由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 发布。