Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type 2 is an epileptogenic malformation of the neocortex associated with somatic mutations in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Histopathologically, FCD 2 is subdivided into FCD 2a and FCD 2b, the only discriminator being the presence of balloon cells (BCs) in FCD 2b. While pro-epileptogenic immune system activation and inflammatory responses are commonly detected in both subtypes, it is unknown what contextual role BCs play.

中文翻译：

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球囊细胞促进 2b 型局灶性皮质发育不良的免疫系统激活

2 型局灶性皮质发育不良 (FCD) 是与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mTOR) 通路中的体细胞突变相关的新皮质致癫痫畸形。组织病理学上，FCD 2 细分为 FCD 2a 和 FCD 2b，唯一的区别是 FCD 2b 中存在球囊细胞 (BC)。虽然在这两种亚型中通常检测到促癫痫免疫系统激活和炎症反应，但尚不清楚 BCs 所起的背景作用。